Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Essay

Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Psyche - Essay Example Violent content is 9 percent above average in children's programming, and cartoons are the most violent (Center for Communication and Social Policy, 1998). We are all aware that our daily lives are studded with different types of violence. Social psychologists have asserted that much of our behavior is learned by watching others. And what do children see on TV They are exposed to more violence. This further validates what the children have seen in the neighborhood, it makes violence such normal fare -- everyone's doing it, not just in their neighborhood, but all over world. More than the adults, it is the children that have greater propensity to imitate the things they have watched on television. For them, TV represents violence as an appropriate way to solve interpersonal problems, to get what you want out of life, avenge slight injuries and insults and make up for perceived injustices. How extreme is the problem of violence in television Does it really transmit aggressive behavior to children Does it affect their psychological health This paper will try to tackle the link of TV violence and aggression to young viewers and try to analyze what are the possible solutions that can be done to thwart the incremental effects of violence in television. Two large scale studies--the University of P... They counted the number of violent acts using the definition, "the overt expression of physical force, with or without weapon, against self or other, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing" (Gerbner et al. 1978, p. 179). Furthermore, they required that the violence be plausible and credible, which rules out idle threats, verbal abuse, or comic gestures with no credible violent consequences. The violence may be intentional or accidental. In addition, violent accidents, catastrophes, and acts of nature are included. Signorielli (1990) clarified: Any act that fits the definition, regardless of conventional notions about types of violence that may have "serious" effects, is coded. This includes violence that occurs in realistic, serious, fantasy, or humorous contexts. "Accidental" violence and "acts of nature" are recorded because they are always purposeful in fiction, claim victims, and demonstrate power (p. 89). On the other hand, the NTVS (1996) analyzed more than 10,000 hours of television programming across 23 channels over 3 years using the definition of violence as: An overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animate being or group of beings. Violence also includes certain depictions of physically harmful consequences against an animate being or group that occur as a result of unseen violent means (p. 1-48). Their interpretation of violence in media messages is based more on harm to viewers than on harm to media characters. It is known that a very small percentage of violent

Coursework on Land Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Land Law - Coursework Example The required duration is usually three years and where there are children; the duration may be two years. There is a presumption of marriage between Angelina and Brad because they moved in the year 2005 and the present year is 2012. Cohabitors are not afforded the same legal status a civil marriage attracts (Jackson, 2012)1. In a civil marriage, the courts have power to divide the assets of the couple in affair way. The division of the assets should meet the needs of the separated parties and their children. In the UK, there is no recognition of claims made by a ‘common law’ wife or husband (claims arising solely as a result of the relationship). The courts cannot adjust ownership of assets belonging to separating spouses. They can only interpret intentions. The power to interpret is limited to certain classes of assets, mostly, property occupied by the couple during cohabitation. Courts cannot make orders relating to pensions of the parties. The power to interpret is al so limited to certain circumstances. Secondly, they decided to move in together and have a fresh start in a new home, Aniston Villa. To acquire the desired home, Angelina contributes her private savings, ?40,000 as a deposit and the remaining purchase price, ?250,000 is provided with a mortgage from Celeb Bank. Angelina does not want the Aniston Villa to become a subject in her divorce proceedings. The property is registered in the sole name of Brad. Angelina lacks legal co-ownership in the family home. Brad decided last month that he does not want to continue the relationship. He is willing to refund Angelina the ?40,000 deposit she contributed to for acquisition of the land. Brad does not want to allow Angelina any share in the property. Generally, matrimonial home is not disputed unless the spouses are separating. The statement is true to the case of Angelina and Brad. Determination of the rights of Angelina and Brad in Anston Villa is now very important. Courts have a corrective power in determining disputes in cases of separation2. However this power cannot be exercised in favor of cohabitants. Cohabiters without a legal co-ownership in the family home, like Angelina, have to ascertain an equitable interest. A cohabiter can now claim for compensation for any economic contributions made during cohabitation. The cohabiter must prove they have incurred economic disadvantage. This covers scenarios where one party has financially contributed to acquisition of property even if the property is registered in the name of one party. The law operates to create an imputed trust of land (Thomas M., 2012-2013)3. Imputed trusts consist of resulting and constructive trusts. Where A provides consideration but the title to property vests in the sole name of B, the property is held by B on resulting trust for A to the extent of A’s contribution. The resulting trust can be rebutted by prove of contrary intention that A did not intend the property to be held on trust b y B. In determining existence of a resulting trust, courts will look into the intention of the parties. An equitable interest can be established by prove of financial contribution. Financial contribution is vital in determining beneficial ownership of the family home. Constructive trusts arise by

Enzyme Immunoassay Principle

Enzyme Immunoassay Principle ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS (EIA) Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) INTRODUCTION Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) is a powerful technique used for detecting and quantifying antigens and antibodies in clinical samples. It is widely used in clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. The aim of this essay is to summarise the principle of this technique and to outline the main types of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and its application in clinical laboratories. Subsequently, it will discuss the application of this system in the haematology field. PRINCIPLES The general principle of this technique is based on the binding of conjugated enzyme molecule with specific antibodies to detect and quantify the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test sample. This is followed by adding appropriate colourless substrate which catalyses the interaction complex to produce a visible coloured product. There are many chromogenic substrates used in ELISA technique but the most common are alkaline phosphatase (AP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The end product can be determined by using spectrophotometer and the intensity of colour is directly proportional to the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test samples. TYPES There are several types of ELISA which include: indirect, sandwich, competitive, chemiluminescence and elispot assay. Indirect ELISA can be used to detect the antibodies that are present in patients serum. With this method, patients serum containing antibodies is added to the microtitre wells which are coated with the antigen and the intensity of the end colour product is directly proportional to the amount of antibodies that are present in the patients sample. (KUBY) Figure1. Illustrate the different types of ELISA to detect either antigen or antibody. The second type of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay is called sandwich ELISA, in which the target antigen that is to be detected must be located between two antibodies. The antigen of interest that is present in the clinical sample is added to a microtitre wells which is coated with the antibody and the end product is determined by spectrophotometer to measure the amount of antigen in the clinical sample.(DIAGNOSTIC MICRO. BOOK) Figure1. The development of biotechnology has become widespread and one example of its progress is the modification of ELISA by using chemiluminescence substrate rather than chromogenic substrate to increase the sensitivity of the reaction. With this method, chemilumescence (CL) substrate and some enhancing agents, which have the ability to bind an antibody or antigen in the reaction, are used to create light emissions which can be measured by specific spectrometry. This approach has been used to diagnose several types of tumour disease, and quantify numerous compounds at low concentration (Baeyens et al. 1998). Another example of ELISA modification is enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. It is a quantitative technique often used to detect cytokines that are secreted from single cell in response to the antigen. During the incubation period, the cytokines of interest is released and captured by immobilised anti-cytokines on the microtitre plate. After washing them and adding labelled anti-cytokines antibody and substrate, the end colour product displays as a footprint around each of the secreting cells, which can be estimated. This technique has great potential for monitoring immune responses (Cox, Ferrari and Janetzki 2006). In addition, sensitive ELISPOT assay has the ability to detect low level of secreted IFN-? compared with other IFN-? assays (Lion et al. 2009). APPLICATION There are many applications of enzyme immunoassays in clinical laboratories and the largest application is related to the detections of viruses. For example, the screening and diagnosis of hepatitis virus is routinely used in the lab. These include the detection of HBsAg and HBeAg by direct ELISA, anti-HBc antibody and anti-HBe antibody by competitive ELISA and anti-HBs antibody by indirect ELISA (Tsitsilonis et al. 2004).What is more, ELISA can detect HCV antibodies in serum samples as screening tests and the positive samples are conformed by molecular HCV RNA (Erensoy 2001). The beneficial effect of using an enzyme immunoassay in clinical hematology is that it has the ability to identify alloantibodies in patients who frequently receive platelet transfusions for therapeutic purposes. It has been demonstrated that ELISA is more sensitive to the detection of alloantibodies than other immunoassays, such as lymphocytotoxic test (LCT) and the platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT), and it is performed in a short period of time (Levin et al. 2003). Furthermore, enzyme immunoassays are able to detect anti-platelet antibodies, platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) , HLA and circulating antibodies in patients with Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (Schiffer and Young 1983). There are several pieces of evidence which suggest that a ubiquitous herpes virus, in particular Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is implicated in many types of lymphoma such as Hodgkins disease and Burkitts lymphoma, so the early detection of EBV antigen specific T cells is essential and therefore ELISPOT assay can be used to analyse T cell responses (Yang et al. 2000). Another of its feature is related to acquired von Willebrand syndrome, which is caused by autoantibodies against von Willebrand factor (vWF). This plays an essential role in hemostasis and is characterised by prolonged bleeding due to the defect in vWF activity. Detection of anti-vWF antibody can be performed by ELISA (Mohri 2003), and (Stewart et al. 1997) mention that competitive ELISA is a useful technique in the detection of anti-vWFA antibodies in a clinical samples. Despite the benefits of ELISA in the detection of HLA class I specific antibodies, it is less sensitive than flow cytometry, so before platelet transplantation, flow cytometry must be used (Worthington et al. 2001). Although chemiluminescence immunoassay has great sensitivity in detecting HBsAg in blood donor samples, it has less sensitivity than the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)(Sato et al. 2001), so to increase the safety of blood from HIV-1 , HCV, and HBV, the nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) has been applied for the screening of blood donor samples (Weber, MÃ ¼hlbacher and Melchior 2005). CONCLUSION Enzyme Immunoassay is one of the most significant techniques to have been used in clinical laboratories to analyse the antigen-antibody reaction in a short period of time. It is sensitive to screening a large number of clinical samples and therefore has been applied in many clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. REFRENCES BAEYENS, W. R. G., et al. (1998). Chemiluminescence-based detection: Principles and analytical applications in flowing streams and in immunoassays. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 17 (6-7), 941-953. COX, Josephine H., FERRARI, Guido and JANETZKI, Sylvia (2006). Measurement of cytokine release at the single cell level using the ELISPOT assay. Methods, 38 (4), 274-282. ERENSOY, Selda (2001). Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and laboratory monitoring of its therapy. Journal of clinical virology, 21 (3), 271-281. LEVIN, M. D., et al. (2003). Screening for alloantibodies in the serum of patients receiving platelet transfusions: A comparison of the ELISA, lymphocytotoxicity, and the indirect immunofluorescence method. Transfusion, 43 (1), 72-77. LION, E., et al. (2009). Quantification of IFN-? produced by human purified NK cells following tumor cell stimulation: Comparison of three IFN-? assays. Journal of immunological methods, 350 (1-2), 89-96. MOHRI, H. (2003). Acquired von willebrand syndrome: Its pathophysiology, laboratory features and management. [online]. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 15 (3), 141-149. SATO, S., et al. (2001). Comparison of the sensitivity of NAT using pooled donor samples for HBV and that of a serologic HBsAg assay. Transfusion, 41 (9), 1107-1113. SCHIFFER, CA and YOUNG, V. (1983). Detection of platelet antibodies using a micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [online]. Blood, 61 (2), 311. STEWART, M. W., et al. (1997). vWf inhibitor detection by competitive ELISA. Journal of immunological methods, 200 (1-2), 113-119. TSITSILONIS, Ourania E., et al. (2004). Serological detection of hepatitis B viral infection by a panel of solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 34 (4), 811-822. WEBER, Bernard, MÃÅ"HLBACHER, Annelies and MELCHIOR, Walter (2005). Detection of an acute asymptomatic HBsAg negative hepatitis B virus infection in a blood donor by HBV DNA testing. Journal of clinical virology, 32 (1), 67-70. WORTHINGTON, J. E., et al. (2001). A comparison of enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays and flow cytometry techniques for the detection of HLA specific antibodies. Human immunology, 62 (10), 1178-1184. YANG, J., et al. (2000). Application of the ELISPOT assay to the characterization of CD8(+) responses to epstein-barr virus antigens. Blood, 95 (1), 241-248.

Mans Search for Meaning in Fight Club and Siddhartha Essay -- Comparin

In 1922, Hermann Hesse set the youth of Germany free with the glorious peace of Siddhartha. Nearly a century later, Chuck Palahniuk opened the eyes of countless Americans with his nihilistic masterpiece, Fight Club. These two novels were written in different times, in different cultures, for different readers, and for different purposes. One is the poster child for love of self and nature; the other focuses on the destruction of both man and culture, yet the two hold a startling similarity in their underlying meaning, that in a darkening world of sin and distraction, letting go is the only true path to freedom, peace, and happiness. Though vastly different, Fight Club and Siddhartha both essentially tell the same story of man's search for personal meaning. Siddhartha is the story of a young man who leaves established society to find and create for himself a true doctrine for bliss. Raised and trained as a Brahman in a well-established religious family, Siddhartha feels vain and incomplete. He departs from his people and their lore, peacefully searching for his own dogma, what Hesse refers to as "The Self". "Siddhartha embarks on a journey of self-discovery that takes him through a period of asceticism and self denial followed by one of sensual indulgence ("Siddhartha" 255)." Siddhartha soon finds, however, that nirvana is not so easily attained. Hesse follows Siddhartha through his lifelong journey of mental confusion, emotional turmoil, physical pain and pleasure, and, ultimately, spiritual unity between himself and the world. In short, it is "Hesse's attempt to restore his faith in mankind, to regain his lost peace of mind, and to find again a harmonious relationship with his world ("Siddhartha" 262)." Fight Club also is... ...uary 2003. http://www.newimprovedhead.com/club.htm Freedman, Ralph. "Hermann Hesse". Contemporary Literature. 10: 3 (1969): 421-426. Rpt. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1973. 146-147. Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York: Bantam, 1971. Margetts, Jayne. "Fight Club". Between the Lines. Ed. Wendy Cavenett. 27 April 1998. 19 February 2003. http://www.thei.aust.com/tssmusic1/contents.html Palahniuk, Chuck. Fight Club. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. Sahni, Chaman L. "Siddhartha". Masterplots Complete. CD-ROM. Englewood Cliffs: Salem, 2000. "Siddhartha". Novels for Students. Ed. David Galens. Vol. 6. New York: Thomson Gale, 1997. 255-275. 16 vols. Wake, Bob. "Fight Club". Culture Vulture. Ed. Arthur Lazere. 21 September 1998. 19 February 2003. http://www.culturevulture.net/Books/FightClub.htm

Give a Boy a Gun

The Characters Gary Searle – one of the shooters main character * Brendan Lawlor – the other shooter Ryan Clancy – a friend of both Gary’s and Brendan’s Allison Findley – Gary’s on-and-off girlfriend and Brendan's friend at Middletown High School Terminx – Brendan’s screen-name * Blkchokr – Allison’s screen-name Rebooto – Ryan’s screen-name Cynthia Searle – Gary’s mother Emily Kirsch – a former friend of Brendan’s Brett Betzig – a friend of Brendan’s from Springfield Julie Shore – a friend of Brendan’s from Springfield Beth Bender – Middletown High School counselorPaul Burns – a football player at Middletown High School Sam Flach – a football player at Middletown High School Deidre Bunson – a ‘popular’ girl at Middletown High School Ruth Hollington – Gary’s fourth-grade teacher at Midd letown Elementary School Stuart McEvoy – Gary’s sixth-grade teacher at Middletown Middle School Katherine Sullivan – Brendan’s sixth-grade teacher at Springfield Middle School Kit Conner – a neighbor of the Lawlors’ in Springfield Dick Flanagan – Brendan’s ninth-grade English teacher at Middletown High School F.Douglas Ellin – a biology teacher at Middletown High School Allen Curry – principal of Middletown High School Jack Phillips – a neighbor of Brendan’s Chelsea Baker – a transfer student to Middletown High School Denise Shipley – Gary’s older stepsister Chelsea Baker – new student on the Middletown high schoolCitation: It’s like, are you in the popular crowd or not? Beth Bender – teacher on the Middletown high school. Brendan was called in her office one day.He says just about â€Å"yes, ma’amed† and â€Å"no, ma’amed†. Yes ma ’am, everything is fine. No ma’am, I don’t have a problem with anyone. But you could see the pain and anger in his eyes. Citation: What Brendan and Gary did was terribly, horribly, inexcusably wrong. I have no interest in defending them. But deep in my heart there is a little piece of me that at least understands what might have driven them to such a horrendous, evil undertaking. But what those boys id was equally inexcusable and evil. Brett Betzig – Brendan’s friend in Springfield. Citation: One thing about Brendan: He hated injustice (Page 22)Deidre Bunson – student on the Middletown high schoolPaul Burns – Football player. Citation: One day in class we were talking about morality, and Brendan said there was no God. He didn’t say that he didn’t believe in God. He just said there was no God. (Because of the injustice in the world, he thinks that a God can’t exist) (Page 56)Brandan Lowlor:He is a sporty, skinny gu y with glasses. His parents are very friendly and they can? t understand their son’s behavior. Brandan is highly intelligent, a litte bit excited (aufgeregt? Man kann in einer bestimmten Situation aufgeregt sein, aber fur eine Charaktereigenschaft brauchst du hier einen anderen Begriff. Was genau meinst du? ) and distrustful. He loves sports and videogames like â€Å"Doom†. He doesn’t want to move to Middletown, that’s the reason why he has problems at school.

Lisa Benton

1. What are the background factors important to understanding the case?In the Benton Case, important background to understand is how Lisa questioned if her decision on accepting the position with House world was the right-move for career goal. Second, her initial meet with her boss and lack of communication to what is going to be expected from her. Lisa felt, as she is not being utilized to her full potential.Benton, decision on accepting the product manager position, she based it on a long-term goal. She based it on what best will benefit her in the long run. When Lisa met who her reporting supervisor was, she felt as if there was a lack of interest on her being a part of the team. Linton should have met and have some type of initial counseling to go over the expectancy from Lisa and Benton.2. What are the issues of power and influence in the case, organizationally, managerially, interpersonally, and personally?In the case study it did not seem that there was any power of influence organizationally. Houseworld, seemed like a great place for Benton to work and reach her career goal. However, managerially there seems to be many issues of power. Linton really did show Benton a great interest of joining her team, which made Benton feel as if she was not being utilized for what she was really worth. When both managers from pure & fresh met Benton, they both expressed their feeling towards Harvard MBA’s. Ron did have some influence on Benton, because of him she was under the impression that she should be in a learning mode.By being in a learning mode it made Lipton assume that she lacked motivation, which led to the negative statements in her evaluation. Personally, I think that Benton did have all the right intentions to succeed in her current role, but because there were communication barriers it led to many assumptions that caused a great deal of frustration. The one thing that Lisa can do is learn from her experience and utilize what she learns to future situations.3. Is Benton powerless in the case? What are the sources of power? It might seem as Benton was powerless, but in reality she had the upper hand to improve her leadership and communication with management, which would  empower her to become a product manager and reach her career goal.The source of power that Benton has in this case is the opportunity to move every 12-18 months. She can utilize her learning experience that she learn from her current team with pure & fresh to improve her communication when introduce to future managers or team members.4. List and discuss the critical incidents in the case and suggest how Benton could have been more effective in each one.When Benton started to feel frustrated by the way her team made her feel, she could have taken control of the situation by communicating to Linton, which would have allowed her to take control of the situation. It would have primed Linton to meet with Lisa and go over her expectancies in her position, instea d of thinking that she was in a learning mode. A critical incident that Benton could have been more effective is by being more assertive in her role with Pure & Fresh.5. What are your recommendations for Lisa at the end of the case?I would recommend that Benton continue to work with Houseworld, she should keep in mind her motive on accepting her current position, as Houseworld offers the benefit that encouraged her to make that transition from Right-a-way. One thing that Benton can take away from the situation is not assuming what will be expected from her, but to actually know her expectations of her duties. If Benton had not allowed her frustrations to build up and to actually communicate to Linton, she could have avoided the negative aspects of her evaluation.

The Allegory of the Cave Essays

The Allegory of the Cave Essays The Allegory of the Cave Paper The Allegory of the Cave Paper Allegory of the Cave, Plato In this essay I will discuss Platos Allegory of the Cave and how it expresses his philosophical view on reality versus belief and the process someone has to undergo to achieve enlightenment. Plato lived 427-327 B.C his mentor was Socrates, Plato was a writer and a teacher he writes in forms of dialogues. Plato believed that education is only directing students minds towards what is important and real. For people to achieve enlightenment they have to apprehend things for themselves. He also thought that the universe, in the end, was good. Enlightened individuals to Plato have a bind on reality unlike the rest of society. In order to have a good society Plato believed it must be ruled by the truly wise. The Allegory of the Cave is in book VII of the Republic, which is Platos best-known work.(Kreis, Steven.May 13, 2004).The Allegory of the Cave is his best known metaphor. The Allegory of the cave is a way of explaining what Plato is trying to get across to people by looking at appearance versus reality and the steps leading to reality. He is talking to a follower of his named Glaucon and he is telling this fable to show what it is like to be a philosopher or a lover of wisdom.Platos cave has people who are unlearned of theory of forms chained unable to move their heads or limbs. A fire burns behind them, between the fire and theprisoners there is a parapet where people can go to hold up puppets such as animals, plants and other things to cast shadows on the cave walls that the prisoners can see. The prisoners can hear echoes and see the shadows cast by the objects but arent able to see the real objects. So what they are naming the shapes which are all the reality they know but really their shadows of images. The prisoners are mistaking appearance for reality.The prisoners would see the shadows as being real and they would know nothing of the real causes of the shadows.

The political debate Essay Example

The political debate Essay Example The political debate Essay The political debate Essay The political debate on whether it is best to have a strong or weak presidency has been going on since the dawning of the American Republic, but such a question usually crops up at a time when the security of the American people is in peril, or there is a clear and definite state interest for the American government to limit certain civil liberties of the people for the benefit of the general population. History has been replete on this political discourse especially since the United States convincingly expanded its sphere of influence across the entire world starting with the subjugation of the Philippine Islands to American colonial rule in 1899. As American influence, even imperialism and hegemony, spread across all parts of the world until the present time, the attacks on the democratic life of the American people and the existence of the Republic has been unceasing such as when Japanese militarists bombed Pearl Harbor at the start of World War II and the decades-long communist t hreat of the Soviet Union and allied socialist republics. In pursuit of the protection of the American Republic, the American presidency has always sought to explore ways and means on how to best defend the nation, militarily and diplomatically, without resorting to the curtailment of the civil liberties of the American people. However, for the most part, the American government with the US president at its head, has usually challenged the limits of such civil liberties. No best example can ever be had than the McCarthyist communist witch-hunts of the 1950s where suspected American communists from all sectors of American society were invited to the US Congress only to be vilified and falsely accused of their participation in the Communist Party of the USA. While there was no participation of the American president then in such congressional proceedings, it is clear that he acquiesced in the entire affair led by Sen. McCarthy, notwithstanding the complicity of security agencies of the federal government which are directly under the American President. On the other hand, as perceived curtailments of civil liberties happened throughout American contemporary history, there have been campaigns and struggles from American interest groups to call for the relegation of the American presidency as simply a watchtower of other government branches as the presidency has far too awesome executive powers that can curtail not only on civil-political rights but may e ven infringe on socio-economic and property rights as well. However, the resolution of the debate has always been in favor of strengthening the American presidency as it is clearly within the interest of the state and even the mandate of the American president to ensure the welfare and protection of the American people from threats from within and without. However, in this era of global terrorism and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism the question of a strong presidency emerged once again. The debate is in the light of the recent discovery by the American public that President George W. Bush secretly authorized security forces in 2002 to gather intelligence through wiretapping of telephones and mobile phones, and eavesdropping on emails and other telecommunications services to swoop down on terrorist correspondence within the United States and abroad, without the fulfilling the statutory requisite of a warrant from a surveillance court. Moreover, the controversy erupted in the wake of the approval of the reauthorization of the US Patriot Act, a controversial law that granted very broad powers to security forces to swoop down on perceived enemies of the state, particularly suspected Islamic fundamentalists operating inside the continental United States. Nonetheless, the law is deemed by liberals and progressives as a direct attack on co nstitutional rights of the American people, especially when previously strict surveillance measures are now relaxed, notwithstanding assertions by the security community that the operations in pursuit of the US Patriot Act and the war on terror is not within the purview of the court. If this be so, this would also be tantamount to a curtailment of the judicial power and supremacy of the US Supreme Court to review all acts and omissions of the other branches and government, even if in the guise of national security. The controversy has also elicited further tensions between an American public that was already weary from the ravages of the Iraq War as many feared that even American homes and offices are no longer spared from the operations of the American government in its fight against terror. Nonetheless, the Bush administration has maintained that the president has inherent war powers which may not be expressed but implied in the Section on Executive power in the American constitut ion. Truth to tell, the secret authorization given by President Bush to spy on the American people may find legal basis in the inherent war powers afforded the president, unless the statutory provisions ordering the securing of a warrant prior to surveillance are more controlling. Assuming without conceding that the Constitution grants such residual powers to the American president, the propriety of the authorization is most questionable, as it comes at the heels of growing American discontent over the war in Iraq, especially when the basis for invading Iraq (i.e. direct link with Al-Qaida and production of weapons of mass destruction) was not convincingly and truthfully conveyed by the president to the American people. Nonetheless, the act is well within the purview of the executive’s powers despite the public outrage that ensued upon discovery of the authorization.

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner

The above paragraph is a narrative paragraph. Vardaman’s association of his mother’s death with the fish’s death at first seems to be a childish, illogical connection. This association, along with Darl’s linking of the question of existence to a matter of â€Å"was† versus â€Å"is,† allows these two uneducated characters to tackle the highly complex matters of death and existence. The bizarre nature of this exchange illustrates the Bundrens’ inability to deal with Addie’s death in a more rational way. For Darl, language has a peculiar control over Addie’s existence: he believes that she cannot be an â€Å"is,† or a thing that continues to exist, because she is a â€Å"was,† or a thing that no longer exists. For Vardaman, objects that are similar to each other become interchangeable: he assigns the role of his mother to the fish, for example, because the fish is dead, like Addie. These somewhat logical responses to Addie’s death demonstrate that Darl and Vardaman, like the rest of their family, are unable to have a healthy emotional response to death.

Markting plane project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Markting plane project - Essay Example This offers a tremendous opportunity for the sale of optimum whey protein to the market. Consumers have become price conscious and have developed a need for affordable health products. Optimum whey protein will meet such a need by offering the products at cost effective prices. Recent market research studies indicate that consumers are also very conscious of their health and the content of what they consume (Brewer 95). Optimum whey protein contains high levels of proteins and less of carbohydrates which maintain good health. It also has very few side effects on consumers hence favorable for consumption. In recent years, consumers in the market for health products have shifted their preferences to demand more of products with natural tastes. The consumers have also increased their demand for products with high levels of proteins as they aim to boost their health. This is a wonderful opportunity for optimum whey protein to thrive because it contains high levels of proteins and low levels of carbohydrates. There has also been the entrance of new health products which have increased competition in the market. In the last five years, there has been increase in the demand for optimum whey protein among young professionals. This can be attributed to the fact that most of them are making efforts to keep their bodies healthy. The growth of the market for optimum whey protein is estimated to be about 5 percent each year. This growth has been consistent in the last five years and analysts record that the market may grow by 7 percent in the next five years (Brewer 57). The market growth has been characterized by increases in demand especially among athletes in the field of body building. The product has recorded an increase in usage among body building athletes because it contains high levels of protein, which is an important supplement for body builders. Clients in the market for health products consider a

Compressing the supply chain through E-commerce for the customer Dissertation

Compressing the supply chain through E-commerce for the customer benefit in the fashion industry - Dissertation Example h higher volumes of consumers across the world due to high adoption levels of Internet consumption has reduced dependency on decentralized procurement and distribution systems, allowing them to centralize these functions for efficiency, time, and also cost savings. In Sweden, as one example, 90 percent of consumers use the Internet (Entertainment NewsWeekly 2011). In Singapore, younger consumers are buying fashion products via the Internet at a growth rate of approximately 10 percent annually (Ramchandani 2011). In the United States, e-commerce sales are estimated, currently, at $227.6 billion (Steigrad 2011). It is these growth patterns in online fashion consumption that continue to provide new opportunities to compress traditional supply chains to include more efficiency and replenishment for fashion products that have very limited life cycles. Reducing the dependency on traditional collaborations, the newer, unrestricted geographic boundaries imposed by less efficient procurement and distribution systems and even changing consumer trends for purchasing and demand continue to drive new synergies for using e-commerce as a fashion supply model. Research aims and objectives This research project aims to identify how to achieve maximized customer benefit by using e-commerce as a tool to compress the supply chain. Cost-reduction, improved efficiency, streamlined supply chain processes and fashion replenishment will be examined to determine how to gain outputs that lead to customer benefits. The research objectives are as follows: 1. Determine the nature of consumer fashion market demand driving new e-commerce procurement and distribution models. 2. Identify the current e-commerce supply chain models currently finding success in key fashion markets. 3. Determine how... This research project will tackle the issues of e-commerce within the supply chain under the premise that there is no pre-existing template that provides greater benefit to the customer. Thus, the project will be wholly exploratory in design. The traditional agile supply chain methodology involves demand-driven systems. In such a chain, market data and information are exchanged from the business to all layers of the supply chain process in order to forecast and deliver replenishment to meet consumer demand. However, agile supply networks seem to only have this title for their ability to provide merchandise by moving sourcing closer to specific target consumer markets (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood). Even under agile systems, merchandise planning failures have caused price increases on consumer goods, high levels of excess inventories, and significantly lower margins that come from demand uncertainty and collaborative failures within this vast network of procurement and distribution. Why is this? In the sourcing process, considerable investment is included in testing procedures once the textile raw materials have been purchased. All quality assurance processes are different depending on the fashion merchandiser, however it usually includes quality checks of threads, buttons, zipper durability, and testing fabric swatches/samples against existing quality standards templates. The Hong Kong Clothing Company, as one example, boasts an agile supply chain network that includes rigorous quality checks prior to even distributing the raw materials/textiles to the production floor in-house.

Persuasive Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Letter - Essay Example Communication Solutions for the last five years and prior work experience at the procurement department at the Cortland County Government offices not only present me as an ideal representative of our organization in the deal, but also opens a new chapter for our customer experience if my application goes through. Basing my application from an internal perspective of the two organizations party to the contract, my conversance with the systems of operation regarding procurement objectives at Cortland County Government and sales objectives at Lintech Communication Solutions will assist me to negotiate the best deal out of the contract. In light of the past circumstances causing revocation of rather lucrative contracts, it can squarely be blamed on the lack of understanding between Lintech Communication Solutions representative and our clients. As past management reports confirm, such failure can be attributed to a poor customer experience based on misunderstanding of the two systems of operation. Having been a part of the two contractual organizations, my representation of Lintech Communication Solutions at the initiation negotiations can guarantee success to this end. The familiarity that I have with the County Government officials is a valuable bargaining beginning for our organization. Besides my strategic advantage with conversance, my recent engagements on behalf of Lintech Communication Solutions have been in contracts of installation of video conferencing equipment for three different county government offices. All of these projects can be rated one of the best for the entire country and Lintech Communication Solutions, since the Federal Government rolled out the video conferencing plan for all government offices. Having taken part in the pilot projects that have had such success presents me as the ideal candidate for yet another successful negotiation for our organization. These deals were allocated to us amid a competitive backdrop crowded by numerous

Fire Control Project Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fire Control Project Overview - Essay Example This project arose from a report which the government commissioned having been raised by the management, engineering as well as development consultancy which was published in April 2000. The conclusion from the report was that maximum efficiency could be attained if the number of control rooms could be reduced from current 46 (as at that time) to only 9 regional control rooms. The objective of the project being to ensure community safety by providing strategic framework for the Fire and Rescue services (FRSs) as well as other agencies which would prevent and respond to emergencies as they arose. The benefits that would accrue from the project were increased resilience. In this case by using the resilient networked technology, staff in any RCC would be able to answer calls within any part of the country. Secondly, the project would integrate all services by use of new risk management tools which had the ability to deploy specialist equipments. This would necessitate introduction of a common call handling, process mobilization, technology and training which would guarantee consistency across various regions. The communication system would also be changed to be data based rather that voice which would be readily accessible through the MDTs. This would hence ensure greater fire and rescue services capabilities (Great 2010, p.30). Extent of Failure Originally, each FRS had its own local control room charged with the responsibility of handling its own emergencies. All the 46 control rooms were independent with each using different levels of technology, network capacities and also their own back-up arrangements. The challenge faced by the control rooms was the increased number of calls and levels that exceeded the local control room. This made the calls be transferred to a different FRS or police control room. By using the police control room, information would then be sent back to the local control room using telephone, radio or fax machine. Due to the fact that different control rooms employed different technology levels and variable quality, this made the transfer process difficult for the FRSs to effectively back each other up. This resulted to the local control rooms being flooded hence being hard to cope using the current technology to handle the high volume of calls which then resulted in long queues or even lost calls. This was another example of a Government IT project in which it was absorbing increasing resources but never achieving the objectives initially set. The essential checks and balances done at the early stages of the project were ineffect ive. This was due to the fact that approval of the project was done based on unrealistic cost estimates as well as under-appreciation of the IT complexity that was to be involved. This made the project be implemented in a hurry with poor management. The Communities and Local Government Select Committee after closely examining the project hope that the project should go live by mid-2011 if there is an agreement on a viable project plan. The realization of the above has been put on substantial risk as a result of the following. Reasons for failure Project Environment There are several issues that ultimately led to the downfall of the said project which if they had been handled before would have made the project a complete success and be completed on time. Failure by the Department to sufficiently incentivize Fire and Rescue Services The Fire and Rescue authorities were under no legal obligation to use the regional control centers once completed. Despite this, the department failed in its mandate by not communicating the benefits to be accrued by transferring to the regional structure. The Department charged with the

Article review focus microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review focus microeconomics - Essay Example ged because oil fields in North Dakota and West Texas have been not only producing surplus oil but its transportation has been easy through a new pipeline to the coastal region of Louisiana and Texas. Following the law of demand and supply in economics, oil glut leads to lower prices for oil producers. A representative from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) says that Saudi Arabia is supplying oil at lesser price to their own refineries in coastal region than what it fetches in Asia. Surprisingly, Louisiana crude fetches $9.46 per barrel less than the price in England for the comparable quality of crude. With this shift in demand-supply equilibrium, the prices of crude in Texas, North Dakota are heading southwards. Sellers market has suddenly turned into a buyers market. However, experts do not envisage a glut that could result into a significantly lower price as happened in case of increased natural gas production in the US pushing the price of gas at its lowest in last couple of years. The reason is that many Gulf Coast refineries cannot switch over to Light Sweet crude oil from more viscous crude currently being used without making significant changes in their refinery equipments and processes. In this article, the author is mainly trying to emphasize that now cheap US crude is available to refiners increasing price competitiveness of the US refiners over their global counterparts. It is pertinent to note that between June and October, the US refiners have increased their exports by 22% controlling over 20% international market of jet fuel, diesel and similar products. It is significant to note that the largest oil refiner of the US namely Valero has stopped importing due to availability of Light Sweet crude oil. The reason is that North Dakota has been producing one million barrels per day from Bakken Shale formation. This is over and above the production of almost 1.3 million barrels in South Texas at the Eagle Ford Shale

Persuasive Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Letter - Essay Example Communication Solutions for the last five years and prior work experience at the procurement department at the Cortland County Government offices not only present me as an ideal representative of our organization in the deal, but also opens a new chapter for our customer experience if my application goes through. Basing my application from an internal perspective of the two organizations party to the contract, my conversance with the systems of operation regarding procurement objectives at Cortland County Government and sales objectives at Lintech Communication Solutions will assist me to negotiate the best deal out of the contract. In light of the past circumstances causing revocation of rather lucrative contracts, it can squarely be blamed on the lack of understanding between Lintech Communication Solutions representative and our clients. As past management reports confirm, such failure can be attributed to a poor customer experience based on misunderstanding of the two systems of operation. Having been a part of the two contractual organizations, my representation of Lintech Communication Solutions at the initiation negotiations can guarantee success to this end. The familiarity that I have with the County Government officials is a valuable bargaining beginning for our organization. Besides my strategic advantage with conversance, my recent engagements on behalf of Lintech Communication Solutions have been in contracts of installation of video conferencing equipment for three different county government offices. All of these projects can be rated one of the best for the entire country and Lintech Communication Solutions, since the Federal Government rolled out the video conferencing plan for all government offices. Having taken part in the pilot projects that have had such success presents me as the ideal candidate for yet another successful negotiation for our organization. These deals were allocated to us amid a competitive backdrop crowded by numerous

Article review focus microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review focus microeconomics - Essay Example ged because oil fields in North Dakota and West Texas have been not only producing surplus oil but its transportation has been easy through a new pipeline to the coastal region of Louisiana and Texas. Following the law of demand and supply in economics, oil glut leads to lower prices for oil producers. A representative from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) says that Saudi Arabia is supplying oil at lesser price to their own refineries in coastal region than what it fetches in Asia. Surprisingly, Louisiana crude fetches $9.46 per barrel less than the price in England for the comparable quality of crude. With this shift in demand-supply equilibrium, the prices of crude in Texas, North Dakota are heading southwards. Sellers market has suddenly turned into a buyers market. However, experts do not envisage a glut that could result into a significantly lower price as happened in case of increased natural gas production in the US pushing the price of gas at its lowest in last couple of years. The reason is that many Gulf Coast refineries cannot switch over to Light Sweet crude oil from more viscous crude currently being used without making significant changes in their refinery equipments and processes. In this article, the author is mainly trying to emphasize that now cheap US crude is available to refiners increasing price competitiveness of the US refiners over their global counterparts. It is pertinent to note that between June and October, the US refiners have increased their exports by 22% controlling over 20% international market of jet fuel, diesel and similar products. It is significant to note that the largest oil refiner of the US namely Valero has stopped importing due to availability of Light Sweet crude oil. The reason is that North Dakota has been producing one million barrels per day from Bakken Shale formation. This is over and above the production of almost 1.3 million barrels in South Texas at the Eagle Ford Shale

On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay Example for Free

On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay Abstract In general, since mankind started translation activities, the study of translation has never ceased. Discussions about translation have become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gradually in Chinese. In this paper, Habermas’s theory of communicative action reinterpreting the concept of the understanding of translation studies, and Translation to indicate this special form of cross-cultural communication in how to effectively interpret metaphor. Keywords: theory of communicative action; metaphor comprehension; translation 1. Introduction Translation is a metaphor of language as the carrier of the cross-cultural communication activities, but also a language that will carry the message to another language to the inter subjectivity of communicative action. Inter subjectivity of communicative action for the research, after Germany modern philosopher Habermass theory of communicative action (Theory of Communication Action) opened the door for people new window. The theory is  swelling in different philosophical ideas and views to choose based on the creation of a complex, multifaceted rational alliance system, it understood as the core language, based on critical theory of the financial community, general pragmatics, social evolution theory as a unified framework. 2. Under the theory of communicative action the concept of translation studies to understand 2. 1 Translation studies in the new way AC Zhu act theory. Translation Studies from the traditional structural linguistics semantic stage to stage, the development of transmission 90 to the 20th century deconstruction of the stage, after a lengthy process. Semantic translation of the traditional paradigm by the impact of the classical theory of knowledge, that man is the soul, the understanding of the object is totally dependent on the translators subjective feelings, emphasizing the translators understanding and inspiration, emphasis on spirit and Transformation, had gained the so-called flash in the pan. Because it is too much emphasis on the translators initiative to make this cross-cultural communication activities translate into a mystical practice. 80 years of the 20th century, structural linguistics in China set off a new upsurge in Translation Studies. People started to pay attention the text, try to use linguistic analysis methods instead of intuitive feeling that in the complicated hidden behind the words of a universal and regularities, as long as it can control the expression of all, making the translation into a simple mechanical operation, that is, the semantics of a target language are stored in the source language and regulations put a rule in the semantic content of thought into the preparation of. Obviously, such a tool and went to the other extreme too much emphasis on language as the object of the role of law, then followed by the fierce criticism of the ideological trend. Deconstruction gives people a new way of thinking. It broke structure, deconstruction of the system so that the provisions of one dollar to diversify the situation, the logical name translation from the language of Sri Lanka fetters doctrine, but still it will be translated once again into the irrational, too much publicity consciousness, so that interpretation becomes an infinite delay activity, the understanding and exchanges between people seems to have become impossible. How to overcome this ideology of intolerance, effective language as medium of intercultural communication activities? I believe that the use of Habermass theory of communicative action, for the translation of research to find a new way of reason. 2. 2 Translation understands the concept of re-interpretation. A French translator said: The translation is to understand and make people understand. Building understanding is the cornerstone of translation is the first step in the process of translation, not a good understanding of the translation step. When we think the theory of communicative action has opened a new translation of the windows, it is necessary to understand the concept of re-interpretation. Habermas believes that the language as a medium of social interaction, verbal communication to understand each other, or far from effective communication. Communicative action in the language, that language, the analysis can be regulated. Each speech acts and statements have the effect the dual structure. Purposes of section as the main statement, in the communication layer between the main body; and vice statement as part of statement, in the main contents of the table between the layers. Part of the implementation of speech acts in a decisive role, because it limits the relationship between language and the listener, but also the meaning of the Statute of the contents of the statement. The two structures in the speech act are interdependent. Sometimes words that are a part of which may be stressed, but it does not mean denying other part, but it only temporarily relegated to a secondary position. For example, my phone battery died, the phrase, seemed to be merely stating the fact that mobile phone battery is dead, but in fact it implies a variety of behavioral significance; ? because the battery died, so I just did not pick up the phone; ? I must go recharge; ? I will not carry a cell phone and with PHS, the PHS something please call me. This is the hidden part of the implementation of, According to the specific situation; it would serve the purposes of this or that effect. Searle that the idea of the original speaker, or intrinsic intentionality is converted to words, statements, signs, symbols, etc. , these words, statements, signs, symbols meaningful to speak out if they have a From the speakers thoughts in the derived intentionality. They not only have the traditional linguistic sense, but also with the intention of the speakers meaning. This is undoubtedly the words of Habermas and similar to the dual structure theory. Accordingly on the significance of understanding is also necessary to double the corresponding division. Understand a word should be divided into two to look at the presentation layer is the known what on the issue, and in the communication layer is the know-how of the problem. Know -what is the statement that those who understand how to reach such a clear knowledge and understanding that it can acquire the knowledge; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him to be able to understand semantics, syntax, rules, line up the words, statements, mark the symbol what constitutes the meaning. know how is the statement that those who have the ability to construct or implement the ability of this speech act is an implicit awareness of the rules; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him who can understand the speech of this implicit awareness of the rules. In this dual understanding, understanding of the content of verbal expression is an understanding (know-what), but to those who truly grasp the inner speech must enter double intentionality level understanding (know-how), that is part of the implementation of the understanding. Therefore, understanding can not be stuck in the form of a priori judgments must be reached in the communication process. to understand the goal is to guide a recognition that the sharing of knowledge, trust each other, the two international interdependence consistent with the subjective. It not only includes the traditional understanding of linguistic expressions, but also in connection with each other that the normative discourse related to the correctness of the background, and between the two main some kind of coordination , and the two participants in the process of communication is something the world to reach understanding, and the intention to make himself understood each other. 3. Metaphors Habermass theory of communicative action on the construction of translation studies methodology has the macro guidance of translation practice is also instructive significance? View of the Newmark said, metaphor translation is a microcosm of all the language translation, because translation to the translation of metaphor methods were showing a wide range of choices: either transfer its meaning, or reshape its image, or a modification of their, or their meaning and image of the perfect combination. The following instructions will use the metaphor theory of communicative action in cross-cultural communication The Interpretation of. Metaphor is a phenomenon of language use in the Dictionary not found in metaphor. Metaphor from the modern point of view of science should be in the form of metaphor with the exception, belong to different categories in the semantics, logic dislocation, resulting in a semantic conflict, and when the listeners have responded to the conflict, it generates a metaphorical sense, that is a metaphor to understand the words. For the metaphor of the operating mechanism, it was actually made such a description: Metaphor involves two different areas (areas) concept; the production of metaphorical meaning is the result of the interaction between the two concepts. This interaction by mapping the way in the mapping process, belonging to a related concept and structure of the field was transferred to another area, the final after the formation of a new synthesis of conceptual structure, that is, metaphorically. And this mapping and integration process is based on two areas of similarity in some respects. This is no doubt that the understanding of the need to double by metaphor. The process of understanding metaphors consist of two parts: the identification and metaphorical meaning metaphors inference. In fact this is a secondary level of understanding into the process of understanding. Give an example of people often referred to The tongue is a fire , from the presentation layer of understanding (an understanding), tongue by the American Heritage Dictionary defines this way: the fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallowing, and, in human beings,, important organ of speech . We can say that the tongue is an important organ as the human body, the first and most vertebrates have the same taste and chew and auxiliary swallowing function, in addition to, or who have speech capabilities important language organ. to the basic meaning of the center, tongue behind the formation of the word meaning a large collection: it can mean something shaped like a tongue, such as tongue of flame (flame), guiding tongue (rail-oriented switch rail), switch tong (switch to copper), can also refer to human speech acts and speech capabilities, for example, hold ones tongue (keep silent), lose ones tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock). The other key words in the speech act of fire, in the American Heritage Dictionary can be found in the following definition; a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied not flame.  the same , the meaning behind it can be found in the collection, such as, cooking fire (cooking fire), forest fire (forest fire), wild fire (wildfires), the fire of cannon fire), and other specific forms of the fire. You can also find other meaning, such as the boy is full of fire (which decided the boy is very warm and excited), He was on fire for mismanagement (because of poor management and blamed). When the tongue and the fire both carry the meaning of their huge collection of words is embedded in the basic language of A is B frame (sentence) to go when the logical relationship between the two on the adoption of is, to interact. Is used to denote a equivalents. it literally, or change a point of view, the presentation layer from the listeners understanding of the term should be reasoning as follows: the tongue is a fire . is meaning that the two sets is in some ways equivalent. However, we are both from the above understanding of the meaning of the word of view, they clearly belong to two different categories, among them with a `is connected, the the equivalent of conventional logic does not work, so from the presentation layer, we can identify this is a metaphor, thus completing the first part of understanding metaphors. When the listener is clear that to use metaphorical language behavior, the expressed will of the true meaning of metaphors to infer, that understanding will enter the second stage of course, understand the purposes of this part of speech acts, understanding the original speakers thoughts, or inner intention. Can be assumed that if The tongue is a fire is said to give an artist is accused by the media to listen to, then the speaker or may contain a sympathetic glance report of intention. Artists are always much media attention, due to For various reasons, may be one-sided media, the exaggerated reports of certain facts, and spread such a report will be turned into a stumbling news and rumors, they will more or less to the artist himself or his cause to bring a number of trouble. The context is the equivalent of the tongue and the fire provides a logical possibility: the tongue the language of human organs the words of the act media coverage people reported adverse reactions (Wei news and rumors) to the artists themselves or their cause trouble (damage to reputation or hinder the cause of development), the fire will shine the chemical substances excessive light and heat of fire, destroying things, or even result in death, so that both the destruction of the found a similar function, logical reasoning tenable. The tongue is a fire means a variety of popular artists and no shortage of opinions and statements in the news or rumors coffee, they may attack their personality, or even because of their presence, the company lifted the employment relationship, or no one would dare ask this artistes. So we have reason to infer that the speaker is the issue of Renyankewei sigh, or cautioned entertainers say and pay attention to their own to avoid capture by the media hype after which her career. At this point, the listener to complete the original speech act of an effective understanding, guiding the listener and the speaker of some sort of recognition. Complete understanding of metaphor, must be made through an understanding (understanding of the content of verbal expression) to reach two to understand (the intrinsic intentionality of the speech understanding of those). In the same language system is the case, between systems in different languages should be so, because only then can an effective cross-cultural exchanges. How should we operate on the self-evident metaphor translation, or the preservation of the source language metaphor, or metaphor replaces the target language, or to have the target language  dominance feasibility, as long as it helps the reader to complete the intention of listening comprehension. 3. 1 Preservation of the source language metaphor. When the Metaphor and figurative language and translation in the source completely or substantially the same language, the metaphor for the body of the source language, target language readers will have to listen to listen to readers of the source language similar to the psychological Lenovo, and complete understanding of similar intent, target language are advised to preserve the source language metaphor. such as: Links to Research (1) He is the only foxes. English fox, fox and Chinese refer to the same animal, when it was used as that person when they contain cunning in Italy, even listen to the reader and writer, said in a different language systems and cultural background, it can effectively understand the implementation of the partial speech act: be careful of this man, he is cunning. Another example: (2) think tank think tank Think tank in the Chinese culture does not exist in, but the library in Chinese culture, store things in the middle, so even though the people in Chinese culture has not been recognized with the library to describe the characteristics of thought The collection, but this library of knowledge to guide on English culture think tank , the identity, so library This Vehicle can save down. After all, this cross-cultural communication, we can not underestimate the listen to the readers understanding, not to deprive them of their understanding of rights. In the translation process, in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, and sometimes need to work to preserve the source language metaphor, that metaphor at the same time preserve the source language to make the appropriate explanation. Such as: (3) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalistic production. (Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844) If the complete cessation of growth in annual production, what the situation is going to do? Like Achilles heel, as this will be the Achilles heel of capitalist production.

Stakeholders In The Tourism Industry

Stakeholders In The Tourism Industry It always cross mind of stakeholders in the tourism industry of why people buy package trips to be on holiday or business trip they take, why visitors choose one particular destination instead of another. For the stakeholders, it is a challenge to learn and understand pre-requisite factors visitors take into consideration in choosing a destination. Holloway (1998) said that relatively little is known about tourist motivation and although numerous statistics are gathered which reveal a great deal about who goes where, the reasons for these choices are little understood. These literature reviews highlights the different theories of stakeholders and the use of Network Analysis (NA) to study the link between different destination stakeholders. Stakeholder theory is a management theory which argues that the interests of all stakeholders are of intrinsic value (Donaldson and Preston, 1995).Literatures also enlightens the different theories of motivation combine with the different authors motivational factors to explain why people travel. The pull and push motivation factors are the theories that are the most acceptable (Yoon Uysal 2005; you et al., 2000). The concept behind this theory is that people travel because they are pushed and pulled to travel by certain forces (Uysal Jurowski,1994). Uysal Jurowski, 1994 stated the push factor are socio-psychological needs related to intrinsic motivators while pull factors relates to the attractiveness and specific features of the destinations. ). LINK BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS AND NETWORK A tourism destination may be considered as a cluster of interrelated stakeholders embedded in a social network (Scott at al., 2008a).Such a network of stakeholders interacts, jointly meeting visitor needs and producing the experience that the travellers consume. A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives according to Freeman, (1984, p.46). Palmer, 1996; Tyler and Dinan 2001; Pforr, 2002; developed networks as an important conduit for managing public-private relationships and understanding structures of tourism governance. Interaction of stakeholders is multifaceted. Governance is a concept used to direct the stakeholders. It refers to relationships between multiple stakeholders and how they interact with one another. It involves how stakeholders determine implement and evaluate the rules for their interaction (Beritelli et al., 2007). The Network Analysis is an applicable method used to study the link between tourism destination stakeholders while differentiating between the public and private sector. An individual firms performance depends on the behavior of others that it is directly and indirectly connected to according to Freeman (1984). The NA studies the links between tourism destination stakeholders, while distinguishing between private and public sectors.NA show in preferential order with which stakeholder they want to be in touch first. TOURISM MOTIVATION The question that is still asks by many authors and stakeholders are the factors that encourage tourism to travel, that is, motivation. Motivation refers to hat directs the behavior of the individual towards goals. It is defined as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction( Kreithner,1995). According to S.P.Robbins (1997), motivation is the process by which activities are started directed and sustained to fulfill both physical and psychological needs. Whenever an individual try to satisfy a need it is classified as motivation, need is an objective interest. Robbins (1997) explained the motivation process as follows. C:UsersNathaliePictures3-8cb9d53c1c.jpg (Source: S.P. Robbins (1997), Organization Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, 7th Ed. The diagram demonstrates the willingness for individual to employ high levels of effort to reach organizational goals in order to satisfy some individual needs or self- individual needs. As shown above, unsatisfied need always lead an individual to be anxious. This state of mind is converted into tension making an individual to wish something. These wishes or drives provoke a search behavior. As from the search behavior, individual discover wants that if satisfied will lead to a reduction in tension. So, when an individual is on pressure, they alleviate this stress by making effort. The greater the stress the higher will be the effort made. This effort leads towards achieving goals set, leading to satisfaction of needs. According to the understanding of Luthan (1995), this process lies in the meaning of and relationship between needs, drives and incentives. The following section deal with the different factors stating why visitors want to visit a destination and why they choose one particular destination instead of another. To better understand the, the concepts of push and pull factors are developed. THE PUSH FACTOR A TRAVEL MOTIVATOR Travel motivations is one of the useful approaches in understanding travel needs and tourists behaviours (Crompton, 1979; Yoon Uysal, 2005).After the study done by Jang and Wu(2006), they stated that there are significant differences among travellers from different countries in terms of the level of importance attached to the push and pull factors. Starting with the push factor,it described how people are pushed to make a travel decision by internal forces (example,to have holiday, to rest or relaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) according to Uysal Hagan. Push factors are socio-psychological needs, which are related to intrinsic motivators. The Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs is the most influential model used and its application to tourism research. All human needs can be arranged in a hierarchy of five categories according to Maslow (1970) as shown in the figure below. C:UsersNathaliePictures450px-Maslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs_svg.png According to Maslow, the human need follow these steps in an ascending manner. The most basic need is the physiological one which satisfied the basic needs of individual. Once the basic need is fulfilled, human upgrade their needs and look forward for the next level to be satisfied. However, there are cases where individuals want to satisfy a higher level though the lower level is not accomplished. Pearce (1982) suggests that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm. He developed the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) in accordance with the Maslows hierarchy of needs as a conceptual framework. The aim of the TCL is to show how peoples needs change as experience increase. Pearce classified the TCL into five steps starting with the lowest; Relaxation Stimulation Relationship Self-esteem and development Fulfillment TLC proposes that people progress upwards through motivational levels with accumulated travel experiences (Lee and Pearce, 2002). The TLC demonstrates how individual start their travel career at a low level, that is, Relaxation. As individuals become more experienced travelers, they advance for higher goals until they reach high level of fulfillment. E:070360103001.png It is recognized that the push factors contribute in the study of tourism behavior and understand a wide variety of needs that can be influential motivator to tourist behavior. Cohen (1972, 1979a, 1979b) contended that what tourists want is not merely to satisfy their psychological needs but authenticity of the destination. So, the other factor which could motivate people to travel must be taken into consideration. The following section will focus on the external motivator. THE PULL FACTOR The pull factor focus on another aspect of tourism behavior. Pull factors are external and related to the attractiveness and specific features of the destination (Uysal Jurowski, 1994). They are the general features of tourism regions that people recognize as touristically agreeable and attractive, such as culture, traditions and heritage, nature, amusement among others (Peters, 1969).After the study on travel motivators of Yuan Mc Donald, Jang Wu (2006), Mohammad Mat Som (2010), Jang Wu (2006) asserted that common pull factors found in most studies were natural and historical environments, safety, cost, ease of access, and facilities. A destinations attractiveness pulled individuals in their travel decision. Dann (1981) asserted that it is comprehensible that researchers focus attention on the pull factors of tourist behavior, since they symbolize the specific attractions of the destination, which tempt once the decision has been made. Dann(1981) also claimed that the pull factors of the resort such as sunshine, relaxed tempo and friendly natives , both respond to and strengthen push factor motivation. DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TH E PUSH AND PULL FACTOR Peoples motivation to travel has been discussed on a multidisciplinary basis since the aftermath of the Second WorldWar, when mass tourism began to thrive. It is not only a matter of explaining, from a psychological perspective, why some people travel and others do not (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977; Plog, 1974). Plogs (1974) With travel personality, P. L. Pearces With (1988) travel career ladder (TCL),and Cohens With (1972) concept of strangeness-familiarity, try to show the possible factors that drives people to travel. Plog use the travel personality to model to study why do some people do no travel. He based himself on psychological impetus. Push-Pull framework a motivational paradigm Moreover, Plog (2001) use the Travel Personality model to study why some people do not travel. Plog (1974) concluded that nontravelers are indeed nonadventuresome and proposed the notion of travel personality in this sense; dependable, near dependable, mid-centric, near venturer, and venturer types. In his model, emphasis is laid on psychological impetus. Cohen (1972, 1979a, 1979b, 1984), from a sociological perspective, set his model in a broader social context, arguing that tourism is essentially a social phenomenon. Tourists therefore should be analyzed by underscoring their relationships with both business establishments such as tour operators and the destination (Cohen, 1972). Highlighting social relationships in the tourism system remains the most remarkable distinction of Cohens (1972) model, which is represented by the concept of strangeness-familiarity. This concept is constructed by breaking down Boorstins (1964) holistic image of the tourist into more specific and empirically identifiable types,namely, the organized mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorer, and 122 Yong Chen, Barry Mak, and Bob McKercher drifter (Cohen, 1972). As Plog, Pearce and Cohen focus in the same field of study, they all use their model to represents an integrated motivation framework. The aim behind is to show the possible linkages among the three models. Diagrams + Explanations (It is taken for granted in this framework that the destination represents the pull factors of tourist motivation, whereas characteristics of individual tourists represent the push factors (Crompton, 1979). However, at a destination such as in a city with a complex of economic, cultural, and historical attractions and heritages, tourist behavior may demonstrate a pattern other than those indicated by, for example, the distance decaying effect from the origin to the destination.)

Gabon :: essays papers

Gabon ECONOMY Gabon has a PCI (per capita income) that is two to four times greater than that of most sub-Saharan African nations. The average income in Gabon is about $6,400 compared to the $1,200 of some other countries. The higher PCI has helped in the decline of extreme poverty but because of a high income inequality many families still remain poor. High income inequality makes it hard for families to move up in society, they remain where they are at. In 1992 there fiscal deficit widened to 2.4% of there GDP and they did not settle the arrears on the bilateral debt which lead to the cancellation of all the official and private creditors. Fluctuating prices in the oil, timber, and uranium, plus poor fiscal management has also hurt the economy. Gabon’s GPD (gross domestic product) is estimated to be around 7.7 billion dollars. The GPD is divided into three sections the first being agriculture making up 8%. Gabon’s agriculture consists of cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, cattle, and fish. The second section, industry, contributes 67% of the nations GPD. Gabon’s industry includes textile, lumbering and plywood, petroleum, cement, manganese, uranium, gold mining, and chemicals. Oil was located of the coast of Gabon in the 1970’s. Petroleum alone now makes up 50% of the GDP. The last section of the GDP is services, making up 25%. Ship repair supplies the most to this category of the GDP. Gabon exports about $2.1 billion a year and imports an average of $890 million. The US, China, France, and Japan are there leading partners for exports. The US receives 67% of Gabon’s exports a year. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, petroleum products, and construction materials are included in Gabon’s imports. France imports about 38% followed by the US, Cameroon, and the Netherlands. The CFAF (Communaute Financiere Africaine franc) is Gabon’s currency. The CFAF started of as the French currency the Franc. The exchange rate for every US dollar is 577.61 CFAF’s. The inflation rate for the CFAF is about 2% as of January 1999. Gabon’s labor force works in three sectors, agriculture, industry and commerce, and services. Even though agriculture supplies only 8% of the GDP it makes up 65% of the labor force. Workers raise foods such as; cassava, plantains, sugarcane, corn (maize), peanuts (groundnuts), bananas, palm oil, and cacao. Gabon :: essays papers Gabon ECONOMY Gabon has a PCI (per capita income) that is two to four times greater than that of most sub-Saharan African nations. The average income in Gabon is about $6,400 compared to the $1,200 of some other countries. The higher PCI has helped in the decline of extreme poverty but because of a high income inequality many families still remain poor. High income inequality makes it hard for families to move up in society, they remain where they are at. In 1992 there fiscal deficit widened to 2.4% of there GDP and they did not settle the arrears on the bilateral debt which lead to the cancellation of all the official and private creditors. Fluctuating prices in the oil, timber, and uranium, plus poor fiscal management has also hurt the economy. Gabon’s GPD (gross domestic product) is estimated to be around 7.7 billion dollars. The GPD is divided into three sections the first being agriculture making up 8%. Gabon’s agriculture consists of cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, cattle, and fish. The second section, industry, contributes 67% of the nations GPD. Gabon’s industry includes textile, lumbering and plywood, petroleum, cement, manganese, uranium, gold mining, and chemicals. Oil was located of the coast of Gabon in the 1970’s. Petroleum alone now makes up 50% of the GDP. The last section of the GDP is services, making up 25%. Ship repair supplies the most to this category of the GDP. Gabon exports about $2.1 billion a year and imports an average of $890 million. The US, China, France, and Japan are there leading partners for exports. The US receives 67% of Gabon’s exports a year. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, petroleum products, and construction materials are included in Gabon’s imports. France imports about 38% followed by the US, Cameroon, and the Netherlands. The CFAF (Communaute Financiere Africaine franc) is Gabon’s currency. The CFAF started of as the French currency the Franc. The exchange rate for every US dollar is 577.61 CFAF’s. The inflation rate for the CFAF is about 2% as of January 1999. Gabon’s labor force works in three sectors, agriculture, industry and commerce, and services. Even though agriculture supplies only 8% of the GDP it makes up 65% of the labor force. Workers raise foods such as; cassava, plantains, sugarcane, corn (maize), peanuts (groundnuts), bananas, palm oil, and cacao.

Last Days Of Socrates Essay -- Plato Socrates Philosophy Essays

The Last Days of Socrates Plato. The Last Days of Socrates. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1993 Imagine the time just after the death of Socrates. The people of Athens were filled with questions about the final judgment of this well-known, long-time citizen of Athens. Socrates was accused at the end of his life of impiety and corruption of youth. Rumors, prejudices, and questions flew about the town. Plato experienced this situation when Socrates, his teacher and friend, accepted the ruling of death from an Athenian court. In The Last Days of Socrates, Plato uses Socrates’ own voice to explain the reasons that Socrates, though innocent in Plato’s view, was convicted and why Socrates did not escape his punishment as offered by the court. The writings, â€Å"Euthyphro,† â€Å"The Apology,† â€Å"Crito,† and â€Å"Pheado† not only helped the general population of Athens and the friends and followers of Socrates understand his death, but also showed Socrates in the best possible light. They are connected by their common theme of a memoriam to Socrates and the discussion of virtues. By studying these texts, researchers can see into the culture of Athens, but most important are the discussions about relationships in the book. The relationships between the religion and state and individual and society have impacted the past and are still concerns that are with us today. While Plato is writing to prove Socrates a good or respectable person, he allows the modern reader a glimpse into Athenian culture. We see that religion is held in very high regard and failing to serve a religion is punishable by death, no matter what one’s social or political stature. In â€Å"Euthyphro,† the reader learns that sometimes an Interpreter is consulted when dealing with certain criminal behavior. Also, we realize that the Athenians regard a son accusing a father of a crime, no matter what the charge, as very odd and of great annoyance to the family. I believe this is still true today. Family loyalty is considered, in some cases, more important than the laws of the country. One example is the crime families that operate in the country. These families are known to be patriotic, but their patriotism stops when family and money are involved. In â€Å"The Apology,† the reader sees some of the Athenian court system in action. Researchers can guess that pr osecution and defense are allowed only certain amounts of... ...ribed happened and were recorded. The element of a man, falsely accused, dying for his beliefs is a crossover into an idea understood by all cultures. Even the way the works are presented, in the form of dialogue, make them stand out to history. Perhaps the first time in history are such deep thoughts written about and discussed in such a way. This also speaks of the times of the philosophers. If the inhabitants of Athens had time to think about such deep thoughts as â€Å"What is holiness?† they must have lead lives of ease compared with those of earlier people. These certain thoughts might be precedents in history, just because the Athenians cherished thought, rhetoric, and some had the time and willingness to practice these pursuits. Civilizations that followed the Greeks often imitated them. The Romans based many of their values, rules of citizenship, and even religion on the Greek system. Men and women of the Enlightenment could have read the same dialogues that we re ad today. Why would anyone continue to read these stories? I believe it is the dialogues discussion of individual verses state and state verses religion. These are the truly enduring issues that we will always face.

The Scarlet Marxist

There have been many critiques of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Some critiques are far-fetched. Some indict society’s views of religion and the guilt of women in the downfall of the human race. However, when taking a modern Marxist view of The Scarlet Letter, the scope of the entire novel takes a dramatic spin, not just for the characters Hawthorne utilizes to bring passions to light, but for society and its conventions used towards certain persons. When evaluating the characters of The Scarlet Letter, the characters represent a particular station and social structure within the time. According to Associated Content, Governor Bellingham is one who â€Å". . . free to stand tall as judge of right and wrong, good and bad, but seemingly never commits wrong himself. † (2009). This Marxist evaluation of Governor Bellingham may not make sense unless you apply it within the realm of Marxism as an indictment on the society and how the classes tend to be separated. Governor Bellingham would then represent those who are of affluence or those who are on the upper end of the economic ladder. This separation of the upper class from the other classes then allows Bellingham to make the judgments that he makes ue to his financial status within the community. Had Bellingham not had this type of financial influence, then he would not be allowed to make any kind of judgments on anyone. Bellingham’s position as governor gives him certain rights that ordinary citizens would not have. The position in society gives Bellingham a reason, whether good or bad, to hand down wha t he feels to be justice for all involved. The justice may not be beneficial but for a few. Yet, when looking at the classes, in Marxist theory, if it benefits the upper class, then it is a benefit. The benefit does not carry or trickle down to the lower classes, which leaves those who are not apart of the upper class at a disadvantage. The character Pearl, daughter of Hester Prynne can be considered a very animated and active. She is the product of the physical relationship between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. The child suffered the isolation and condemnation that had been handed to her mother for becoming a part of an adulterous affair. Pearl is a stark representative of what happens to persons born or placed into a lower stature in society. Regardless of how witty, bright or un-loving Pearl was as a child, the society within the Puritan community would never accept her because she was the embodiment of higher society deemed inappropriate for persons to participate in. In looking at Pearl in this way, it is not a stretch to say that she is the form of the content presented by the society at that time. Terry Eagleton states that â€Å"Marxist criticism sees form and content as dialectically related, and yet wants to assert in the end the primacy of content in determining form† (Eagleton 537). In other words, Pearl’s form is created by the content of her character, to take a phrase rom Dr. MLK, Jr. The circumstances in which she was conceived puts in her the essence of being one who is deeply enthralled with passion. Also, Pearl is one who is stubborn to a fault, just as her mother who refused to give up the name of her lover. Knowing these things about Pearl would allow one to cast judgment on her and never allow her to ascend to a higher station or class in life. It is this creation of her within the confines of the Dimmesdale and Prynne relationship that would keep her limited to a specific class and socio-economic status in life, had she decided o live within the small Boston neighborhood in which she grew up. Roger Chillingworth’s character illustrates a di fferent kind of class and form altogether. Chillingworth returns to town to find that his wife, Hester Prynne has not only been accused of adultery, but has a child as proof. Prynne never reveals her lover, pushing Chillingworth to a level of sinister evil that had not been presented within the novel. He never revealed his true identity to anyone but Hester Prynne. He acted as caregiver and doctor for Dimmesdale. It was also at this time that Chillingworth befriended Dimmesdale o find what was eating at his very soul. This type of deception is contemptible to say the least. However, from the Marxist point of view, the true character or form of Chillingworth is a valid indication of the content of his soul. Being a doctor represented being a person of an esteemed stature in society. It also gave him as a member of high society privileges that others in lower classes would never have. He took those privileges and misused them for his own selfish gain (which was to find Prynne’s lover). Chillingworth is the classic example of how the privileged iphon from others to achieve the goal ahead. Eagleton would define Chillingworth’s character as the following: â€Å". . . is not the first place a set of doctrines; it signifies the way men live out their roles in class-society, the values, ideas and images which tie them to their social functions and so prevent them from a true knowledge of society as a whole. † (Eagleton 534) In other words, it is Chillingworth’s class in society that does not allow him to show mercy to Prynne. His class also allows him to be cunning and crafty to find the real illness that afflicts Dimmesdale, use the guilt from the sin to rive Dimmesdale into a chasm of self hatred and loathing, while he simultaneously decays into the demonic fleshly figure that imposes hatred and merciless upon all who dare cross him. Yet, this ghastly figure was indeed Chillingworth’s true form and content. It is his functioning within the u pper class of society that not only gave Chillingworth his form, but also allowed him to participate in the actions leading to Dimmesdale’s without repentance. For Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, society’s position came with a price. He ended up denying his own flesh and blood in the body of Pearl, and he et the woman he loved (Hester Prynne) carry the weight of the sin they both committed. After the town branded Prynne and adulteress, Dimmesdale could not bring himself to admit to the public that it was he who shared the night of passion with Prynne which led to the conception of Pearl. His station or class in society would not allow for such a confession. Associated Content refers to Dimmesdale â€Å"As the ultimately religiously pious figure of the town and he is held in high regard. . . † (2). It is the status of being the reverend for the town along with his education â€Å" a young clergyman, who had come from one of the reat English universities, bringing all the learning of the age into our wild-forest land† (Hawthorne 62) that keeps Dimmesdale from initially admitting what had taken place between himself and Prynne. In comparison to Eagleton, Dimmesdale is the representation of the society and the superstructure that is in place (532). Regardless of how he may want to become a permanent part of Prynne’s life, the superstructure in place would never allow it to be so. It is this superstructure of society that Hester Prynne rebels against and causes her to live a life of isolation with her daughter , save her lients who come to her. Hester Prynne has been called an adulteress by many. Even within the religious community, Prynne is thought of at the least, wrong for her actions, including not revealing the father of her child. It is the content of her life that takes form in this novel. Prynne, strong-willed and determined, did not give in to the demands of the community which asked of her to give Pearl’s father’s name. Prynne refused to do so and in her refusal, lost her status within the community, never to have it returned to her. Relating her character to Marxist literary theory is relatively asy. Prynne is one of the few who would gladly give up his or her station or class in society to the protection of one if not al l. Prynne would not be accepted within the upper class of Boston at this time for she did not conform to the way t he higher classes, both religious and social, decided that life should be conducted. Dr. G. B. Loring declared that â€Å"It would be hard to conceive of a greater outrage upon the freezing and self-denying doctrines of that day, than the sine for which Hester Prynne was damned by and for which Arthur Dimmesdale damned himself† (1). Prynne’s refusal to become part of the culture that denied itself for form and fashion is what pushed her to the outskirts of society. However, even with the refusal to bend in tow, Prynne went on to live a productive life and see her daughter become a elegant young lady. Evaluating The Scarlet Letter from the Marxist point of view is interesting to say the least. Yet, the Marxist point of view gives the reader a broader look at the characters and society as a whole. Through Marxism, it is not just the sin that is looked at, but the condition of the heart, the station and class of man, along with his content and form that makes up society then and now.

Gobi Fund Essay

Why is it difficult to establish a new fund? Why is track record so important in fund raising? The main concern is to convince the investors to invest their money in Gobi. Therefore, it is necessary to raise a rational-sized fund. To raise a new fund is not an easy thing to do as everything including the fund structure, team, approach, LP base, and amount of capital have to be defined appropriately. The general partners also need to contribute their own money in order to convince the investors to invest together with them. The track record is very important in fund raising because if Gobi has a good track record, more investors will be interested to invest in it. Q2. Prepare a SWOT analysis for Gobi Fund II proposal in the context of venture capital fundraising. Gobi operates in an area where there is a lot of pent up demand (IT and digital media). * Gobi can acts like a bridge for western LPs to invest in Chinese companies. It is difficult to raise a new fund and if Gobi do not really have a good track record, it will become harder to gain the investors trust in order to raise the new funds. May have the advantage in acquiring a higher return from investment in the IT and media market since they already invest in that industry during the early stage. Meaning that they already have the experiences in investing in IT industry, therefore, may not become a problem to earn a high return. What are the keys to raising the second fund and how large should it be? There is no definite answer in this question as they could be changing depends on the situations. The planning horizons may take between 7 to 10 years or maybe longer than that because of a lack of infrastructure and development in the industry. The fund size may be between $100 million to $200 million allowing around $2 million to $5 million for each company. The subsequent funds should be of similar size or larger as the industry grows. Gobi wants the first close at $75 million. The key is whether to include more financial LPs or not. Q4. From the perspective of a potential LP, what are your choices when funding international focused VC funds? Would you fund Gobi? Gobi has never exited from an investment before, and there is high level of risks involved in the development of early stage IT companies as well as huge risks that may impede company development and growth. However, Gobi operates in an area where there is a lot of pent up demand (IT and digital media) and Gobi can acts like a bridge for western LPs to invest in Chinese companies. It may be a good choice to invest in it if it offers a rational return considerate with the level of high risks involved.