Conspiracy Theories Surrounding The Assessination of John...

Conspiracy theories surround the average human in the world of education. Whether the average person chooses to ignore them or to accept them is one thing, but before any one person should put their faith in any one conspiracy theory, you must first study all the facts of that specific theory. There are hundreds of conspiracy theories that have been nagging at humanity for years; however, there are three main conspiracies that stick out more than others. The first being the JFK conspiracy theory, second is the moon landing conspiracy, and last the Illuminati. The John F. Kennedy assassination is and always will be one of the most controversial topics of all time. Perhaps the world will never know what was behind the fateful events of John F. Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1961. Many different groups have generated various theories as to the culprits behind the JFK assassination. Each grouping would claim to have the correct answer to the never-ending mystery. However, questions still exist concerning every single theory proposed. (Jim Mars XV) The accused killer of John F. Kennedy is Lee Harvey Oswald. If Oswald was the lone killer of President Kennedy, then one would think that all the information regarding the details of the assassination would have been forgotten over time (Jim Mars XV). James A. Garfield was the President in 1891. However, he was brutally murdered by Charles Guiteau while he was still in office. Charles Guiteau was a lone

Psychology and Health Issues Free Essays

Psychology and Health Issues: Stress By: Kimberley Messina HCA/250 Have you ever heard of the term â€Å"fight-or-flight† stress response? You will feel this when you have more to worry about and handle then you are used to, or simply, when you are stressed. When your body is going through the fight-or-flight stress response, your body will make more hormones that will speed up your heart rate, give you a burst of energy, and make you breathe faster than normal (Healthwise, 2009). There are times when a little bit of stress could be useful, such as if you need to react quickly or if you need to work harder on something. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology and Health Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, If you are trying to win a race or finish any work that is important on time. When you have stress that lasts for a long time or if you have stress too often, then your body will most likely have a bad effect from stress. When you are overly stressed, you can experience headaches, back pain, sleeping issues, and an upset stomach. Furthermore, stress can lower your immune system which will make it harder for your body to fight off the disease. With people who have existing medical problems, stress can make your problem worse. Stress has been known to make a person moody, depressed, and tense. This has caused many people to not do as well with their school or job, as well as having their personal relationships suffer. The mind and the body are connected, which means that stress will impact a person’s psychological health just as much as their physical health. Stress can impair your thought process, mental exhaustion, and can cause depression, psychoses, and some neuroses. You will feel pressured, overwhelmed, anxiety, irritability, nervousness, insecurity, and can have panic attacks, social withdrawal, and migraines (Healthwise, 2009). When your psychological health becomes affected by stress, it can affect anything that you are doing, such as your job, parenting, and school work. As we mentioned earlier, stress can be beneficial if it is a small amount, this goes for your psychological health as well. It can have a positive affect on your motivation, reaction to your environment, and your adaptation. There are many psychology education programs that can help you identify your major stressors and help you manage any stress. One in particularly is called the Worksite Wellness Program, which is a site that was provided from my workplace. This website provides information on how to set up different activities and offers some guidelines on how to create some supportive policies and environments that revolve around stress management (). Within the website you can answer stress management questionnaires that can help employees assess their personal listening skills and their ability to handle stress. They also have handout notes that explain the workplace demands of the employees. Furthermore, there is an evaluation you can take within the website that will allow you to identify whether or not your worksite is ergonomically suitable so that you can reduce any risks for repetitive motion strains. Finally, the website my job offers has handouts that you can print that will help the employees learn how to manage their stress at home and within the workplace. There are many psychological health issues when it comes to stress, as I have mentioned above. The major psychological health issue with stress would have to be its ability to mentally impair you. What I mean by this is that when you are under an unhealthy amount of stress, it will negatively affect the way you think and act. Our lives are made up of many decisions that we must make, and when under this amount of stress, it can become difficult to think clearly and make the better choice. This is because when a person is stressed, it changes the brain and causes them to have an addiction, anxiety, or depression. Stress affects many different individuals and groups and according to the American Psychological Association, the top three causes of stress is due to the economy, work, and money. The developmental, social-cultural, and gender factors all impact stress. Developmental traits such as any behavior towards children that is abusive can cause them to have long-term abnormalities in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which is what regulates your stress (UMMC, 2011). Also, children face stressors throughout school, whether it is bullying, peer pressure, and tests for classes. Personality traits could also impact stress. There are people who tend to over-respond to stressful situations, which will cause them to stress more than they should. Older adults’ response system to stress becomes more difficult. The older a person becomes will impact their stress because they have to worry about higher risks for medical problems, the loss of a spouse or friends, and financial stressors (UMMC, 2011). Women, especially working mothers, will face higher stress levels because they carry a heavier load of stress than men and other women. They are also at risk for more medical problems due to having a child. Divorced or widowed people tend to have more stress than people who are married. They also tend to live shorter lives overall. Furthermore, people who are isolated or lonely, are targeted for sexual or racial discrimination, and experiencing a financial strain are impacted by stress much more then other people. There are a many risk factors related to stress. Some can be controlled while others cannot. You can control some situations to avoid stress such as looking for better ways to manage your time so you can get more tasks completed without feeling pressure. Also, you can try out new ways of thinking such as stopping the worry thoughts and letting go of the things you cannot change (UMMC). Taking good care of yourself such as getting enough rest and eating well can help avoid stress because you feel better throughout your day. Finally, speak up and talk about your needs and concerns because it can cause stress if you do not. The stressors that can not be controlled are events such as a car accident or another traumatic event, and a serious biological illness. There is no cure for stress, but there are treatment options to help you manage your stress. You can have self-care in your own home or take medical treatments. Self-care in your own home would consist of removing yourself from the stressful situation or address it, regular exercise, healthy diet and nutrition habits, meditate, acupuncture, and creating social support for yourself. Furthermore, you can also write in a journal, make a hobby for yourself, and express how you are feeling with someone you trust. It is good to laugh, cry, talk, and even express your anger in healthy ways. There are medical treatments depending on the different types of symptoms you are experiencing and how severe these symptoms are. You can receive counseling by mental health professionals and medical intervention for any of the physical problems that are discovered (Melissa, 11/25/12). There are a few health promotion strategies to address stress. Educating yourself is the first step in promoting good health against stress. Having the knowledge on how to handle stress when it comes your way is a good way to prepare you on how to react when it happens. When a person becomes stressed, most of the time they react in a negative way, which makes things worse. Knowing how to relax and get a grasp on the situation will help you better control your emotions and make better decisions. The next step would be to make lifestyle changes. These lifestyle changes will consist of exercise, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and using relaxation or other alternative techniques such as herbal or natural remedies (HPI, 2012). Exercise is a great stress management technique that distracts you from the stressful event and balances out the negative affect that stress takes on your body. You can do aerobics, take walks, go swimming, and take yoga, or tai chi. There are many options to choose from and all you have to do is pick one. Cognitive-behavioral therapy will help you identify the source of your stress, reconstruct your priorities, change your response to stress, and find different methods that will allow you to manage and avoid stress. Relaxation or other alternative techniques can lower your blood pressure, respiration, and pulse, and release muscle tension and emotional strain (HPI, 2012). These techniques would include going for a massage, meditating, acupuncture, listening to music, going on vacation, and hypnosis. Herbal and natural remedies such as aromatherapy and valerian can help with your anxiety and overall stress. All herbal and natural remedies should be talked with your doctor first. Throughout this paper, I have provided an overview of stress and how psychology plays a role with it. Then I reviewed a current psychology education program called the Worksite Wellness Program that was provided from my employment. After that, I discussed the risk factors that can be controlled as well as how to control them, and which factors that couldn’t be controlled. Next, I discussed how developmental, socio-cultural, and gender factors impact stress. Then, I talked about the treatment options that are available to the public as well as the promotion strategies to address stress. Finally, I provided information on the lifestyle changes that people will need to enhance their health and methods to prevent stress. References: Healthwise. (October 14, 2009). Stress Management: Topic Overview. WebMD. Retrieved on November 21, 2012. From http://www. webmd. com/balance/stress-management/stress-management-topic-overview. UMMC. (2011). Stress- Risk Factors. University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved on November 21, 2012. From http://www. umm. edu/patiented/articles/who_at_risk_chronic_stress_or_stress-related_diseases_000031_6. htm. Melissa Conrad Stoppler. (November 25, 2012). Stress. eMedicine Health. Retrieved on November 22, 2012. From http://www. emedicinehealth. com/stress/page6_em. htm. Health Promotion International. (2012). Lifestyle, stress and work: Strategies for health promotion. Oxford Journals. Retrieved on November 22, 2012. From http://heapro. oxfordjournals. org/content/1/3/363. abstract. 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Managing People in Organization Service Work

Question: Discuss about the Managing People in Organization for Service Work. Answer: 1. Management of emotions in an organization is practiced to make the employees adopt the correct emotional resources that is required for the organizational environment and promotes work activities. The main objective of managing emotions of the employees is to know and optimize the emotional condition of employees. The emotional management is done at two level, personal or subjective level and interpersonal or social level. At personal level, it refers to the capacity of self-control, the ability to administrate the negative and positive emotions and the emotional intelligence (Posthuma 2012). The interpersonal or social level emotions refers to the emotional changes between clients and employees; and between leaders and employees Managing emotions plays an important role for the managers to cope up with the employees performance and meet the changes in the business environment. The organization coach and train the employees interpersonal skills so that they work effectively (Connelly, Gaddis and Helton 2013). If the emotions of the employees are suppressed then it may lead to negative consequences as they lead to outburst to the co-workers. However, the organization does manipulate the emotions from their end to achieve the target of the company. The organization tries to influence the emotions of the individuals to reduce the tensions among the group and to achieve the goal of the group in favour of organization. The managers manipulate emotions to create the desired work culture in the organization. The managers generally use several tactics to manipulate emotions (Thiel, Connelly and Griffith 2012). One such tactics use of arguments to push the other employees unintentionally so that he or she behave as per the requirement of the organization, Some of other tactics are form secret networks, prevent building trust and helping other person at work, hold the wrong information and interpret the rules in their own way and be ambiguous. The manipulation of emotions does cause deterioration of relationship among the employer and employee. Sometimes the managers try to manipulate the employees emotions to meet their interest which may lead to exploitative, deceptive, abusive results in the organization. If the managers desires to enforce positive action of the employees by manipulating emotions, then his behaviour will include praises, superficial, sympathy, char, facial expression, driving attentions etc. On the contrary, the managers negative enforcement like yelling, nagging, threats on the employees lead to fall in their performance. 2. The emotions of the employees at the workplace can be managed through conscious practices which are explained through the definition of emotional labour and the motivation theory of Herzberg. Emotion labour refers to the effort needed to have the desired emotion during the interpersonal transactions. The emotional expression of the employees is determined by the social environment (Mulki et al. 2015). The different dimensions of emotional labor are intensity of emotions, frequency of interactions, different varieties of emotions required and conflicts of emotions. All these are required to manage through conscious practices of the employees and employers. The emotions can be regulated at two points. First at the supreme point, the situations can be modified to adjust the emotions, the other are deployment of attention and make cognitive change. It involves making adjustment in the situation that induces emotional changes. The emotions of the employees can be in form of anger or joy, greeting people with showing delight or smile. The organization manages such emotions through training the employees in their behaviour towards clients. They train them to look pleasant in front of guest and not to show resistant at work which has a negative impact on other workers. The managers also counsel the employees who show intense emotions to reduce negative impact on other workers. In this context Herzberg two-factor theory can be explained where the factors explaining job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are discussed. The performance and satisfaction of job is related to the emotional management of the employees. If the company takes care of factors that decrease job dis-satisfaction and the factors that increase job satisfaction then the emotions of the employees can be controlled to a large extent. Figure 2: Herzberg Two- Factor Theory of Motivation Source: (Zagelmeyer et al. 2016) The figure 2 gives the details of the factors which the organization should consider to decrease and the factors that should be considered to increase to reduce job dis-satisfaction and increase job-satisfaction 3. Subjective experience refers to conscious experience that an individual have and it may be different for different person. Every individual in an organization has different behavioural pattern and emotions. The management of the organization can bring subjective changes in the behavioural pattern by practicing the management of emotion of the employees (Kaplan et al. 2014). The emotions of the people in an organization have an influence on the disposition of task, personality of the people and decision making capabilities. Management can develop a flow of positive emotions by encouraging the employees to complete their task, by providing rewards and incentives on achievement of the employees and making occasional celebration at work place to energise the employee mentally so that they perform better. Management can also motivate the employees to perform better in their work as explained by Maslow Theory of Motivation. Figure1: Maslow Theory of Motivation (Source: Levi 2016) According to the Maslow Theory, the employees can be motivated if their basic needs, psychological needs and self-fulfilment needs are taken care of by the organization Management can reduce the impact of negative influence on the subjective experience of the people by regulating their emotional behaviour through several practices like counselling, training, avoidance of outburst of emotions and by creating congenial environment in the work place. Management reduces the negative emotions of the people by focusing on problem oriented strategies (Levi 2016). They look for solution to any problems that reduces the work efficiency of the people with surety Management can improve the interpersonal relations with the employees by managing their emotions and taking measures that develop trust and loyalty of customer. It influences the subjective experience and the workers get attach to the organization and perform good by controlling negative outburst of emotion. 4. The emotional labour refers to regulate the emotions to have controlled emotions and feelings at work place There are several employees who need to act professionally when dealing with rude customer and has to control their emotional outburst due to the rude behaviour of the customer. There are mainly two types of emotion labour, deep acting and surface acting. Deep acting refers to the practice of trying to feel a particular emotion that is think in their mind (Gao et al.2013). For example, John feels good when he thinks about playing football in the rainy reason. So when going to deal with customers, he use to think in mind about playing football in the rainy season and be in happy mood so that he would respond to the customers queries with enthusiasm and politeness. The other type of emotional labour is surface acting which refers to the situation when the people have to fake their emotions to meet certain rules of organization and society. For example, John was very sad due to his mothers sickness and was really difficult for him to concentrate on work. But he made himself look jolly and do the work happily and efficiently without letting anyone in the office know about his mothers illness. The emotion labour helps to understand how the employees can handle the upheaval of emotions at work due to several adversities at work that hurts their feelings. The opposite of this is emotional dissonance that shows the incapability of the employees to control their emotions (Brunetto et al. 2014). The actual emotional outburst become hindrance to their performance in job and obstructs their appraisal in the organization. Hence deep acting and surface acting should be utilized by the employees to control their emotions and behave according to the requirement of the organization so that their performance improves and they grow along with the growth of an organization. The employees who are able to practice emotional labour actually grow to the larger height than those who are emotional dissonance. 5. There are several theories and studies of group psychology that supports the belief of being more productive and creative when working in team than individual while others do not support the belief. In theory the Groupthink is the most famous theory where brainstorming is considered to be ideal for any complicated problem. However, in reality, brainstorming among the experts actually stops them to share their ideas due to difference of opinion and rigidity towards innovative ideas (Biron and Van 2012). On the contrary, the other theory of Social Pressure shows that the behaviour of one person in the group has its influence on the other person and this is how the group grows. Similarly, in company it is called as company culture, where if majority of the people believes in doing task on time then others and especially the newcomers also follows it. The theory group reject outsiders states that the group does not listen to the outsiders. They do exactly what they internally decide and follow the norms of the group. The Gossips theory states that, gossips are good for the group as it help in exchange of ideas and bring the members close to each other and understand each other thought process in a better way (Stewart and Shamdasani 2014). Lastly, the halo effect theory states that it impacts the decision making of the team. Always it does not result in right decision and so to overcome it, the group has to be aware of the halo effect and the decision should be based on data. Hence different theories have viewed the team work effectiveness differently. However, it can be said that team work does give effective results if the each member contributes honestly to the task and keep aside their emotions for bringing positive output of the task given to the group. 6. With reference to theories of group psychology, explain how the behaviour of people in organization is influenced by group dynamics. Group dynamics explains the behavioural and attitudinal features of a group. It discusses the manner in which groups are formed and the reason for which the group are formed. It explains the development of the groups which involves different stages like, storming, norming, forming, performing and adjourning (Sherif 2015). The development of these stages defines the behaviour of the people in the group which gets automatically followed by them. If the group development is done properly then the behaviour of the people in the group can be controlled. The group dynamics also consists of group structure, size, norms, roles, and cohesiveness (Raza and Bengtsson 2014). Each of the feature works for making the group efficient and productive. If the structure of the group is properly designed in terms of its size, norms and roles of each member in the group then it will develop the cohesiveness among the members of the group and the group will perform productively and effectively. Figure 3: An Optimum Model of Group Dynamics Source: Levi, 2016 In brief, group dynamics can be effective if the trust at the individual level, cohesiveness and adaptability at the group level and shared functions of the group at the organizational level is properly handled. The proper management of group dynamics will result in efficient contribution of the group member and thus brings effective results With reference to the group psychology theories, if the group dynamics are done properly then the theories may be successful in predicting the actual behaviour of the group in reality (Haslam et al. 2014). Hence the success of the theories of group psychology depends on the effective formation of group dynamics. Further, group dynamics depends on managing the trust of the group members and develop cohesiveness within the group so that each member adopts the changes in the group and share their work with delight and effectiveness. References Biron, M. and van Veldhoven, M., 2012. Emotional labour in service work: Psychological flexibility and emotion regulation.Human Relations,65(10), pp.1259-1282. Brunetto, Y., Shacklock, K., Teo, S. and Farr-Wharton, R., 2014. The impact of management on the engagement and well-being of high emotional labour employees.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(17), pp.2345-2363. Connelly, S., Gaddis, B. and Helton-Fauth, W., 2013. A closer look at the role of emotions in transformational and charismatic leadership.Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,5, pp.299-327. Gao, L., Guo, J.L., Fan, C. and Liu, X.J., 2013. Individual and group dynamics in purchasing activity.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,392(2), pp.343-349. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Kaplan, S., Cortina, J., Ruark, G., LaPort, K. and Nicolaides, V., 2014. The role of organizational leaders in employee emotion management: A theoretical model.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), pp.563-580. Levi, D., 2016.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Mulki, J.P., Jaramillo, F., Goad, E.A. and Pesquera, M.R., 2015. Regulation of emotions, interpersonal conflict, and job performance for salespeople.Journal of Business Research,68(3), pp.623-630. Posthuma, R.A., 2012. Conflict management and emotions.International Journal of Conflict Management,23(1), pp.4-5. Raza-Ullah, T. and Bengtsson, M., 2014, January. Emotions in paradoxical inter-firm relationships: A conceptual framework. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 15851). Academy of Management. Sherif, M., 2015.Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology(Vol. 29). Psychology Press. Stewart, D.W. and Shamdasani, P.N., 2014.Focus groups: Theory and practice(Vol. 20). Sage publications. Thiel, C.E., Connelly, S. and Griffith, J.A., 2012. Leadership and emotion management for complex tasks: Different emotions, different strategies.The Leadership Quarterly,23(3), pp.517-533. Ward, J. and McMurray, R., 2015.The Dark Side of Emotional Labour. Routledge. Zagelmeyer, S., Sinkovics, R.R., Sinkovics, N. and Kusstatscher, V., 2016. Exploring the link between management communication and emotions in mergers and acquisitions.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration.

Of Mice and Men Persuasive Essay free essay sample

There is a significant disparity of treatment in the way the criminal justice system handles things. Unfortunately, theres a double standard because there is a double standard in society. † David Raybin. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck; Steinbeck introduces two men, George and Lennie, who live in Salinas, California. The novel occurs in the 1930s, during the great depression; in the novel, both men go from one job to another as they try to purchase their own ‘American Dream’. The dream to build a shack with an acre of land, but as they struggle with life, their shot at achieving their dream disappears. Towards the end, George murders Lennie in order to solve problems that Lennie caused throughout the plot. Lennie’s murder is categorized as mercy killing; mercy killing is known as killing a person for the benefit of their own good. This novel makes it clear that mercy is the best way to kill people with disabilities, it takes the cruelty out of killing by making it more kind. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Persuasive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page George committed mercy killing by shooting Lennie. Even though George did not feel right in killing his only best friend, he realized that his actions were justified because Lennie was going to die regardless. In the novel, Lennie is known for killing little creatures on accident, the fact that he kills them by showing love and care towards the animal foreshadows the murder of Curley’s wife. Lennie accidently killed Curley’s wife by petting her hair, when George realizes what Lennie has done he realizes that he has to kill Lennie before Curley or the police. It is because of Lennie’s incapacities that allow mercy killing to be better then capital punishment, since Lennie does not understand the difference from right and wrong. It is for the best to kill someone out of mercy, and put them out of their misery, than to do capital punishment which beats and tortures them to death. Mercy killing may sound like a dreadful thing to do, but would you rather see a loved one suffering, and in misery, or would you rather see them finally resting and happily at peace? For example, compare Candy’s dog and Lennie. Candy’s dog was already dying slowly; the dog was old, blind and miserable. â€Å"I’ll put the old devil out of his misery right now and get it over with. Ain’t nothing left for him. Can’t eat, can’t see, can’t even walk without hurtin’,† says Carlson, a character from the novel that realizes that the dog would be better off by dying then living another painful day. Lennie like the dog would have been tortured or beaten to death once Curley discovered who killed his wife. Capital punishment is necessary depending on the situation, but mercy killing is the best when it came to people or animals with incapacities. Mercy killing is killing out of love; it takes love and courage to know that an animal or a friend like Lennie is better off dead. George killed his best friend out of love; he loved Lennie so much that he rather kill Lennie himself then to have Curley kill Lennie out of spite.

Cool Hand Luke essays

Cool Hand Luke essays There are some times in a person's life when they must stop following the rules and start challenging authority. In the film Cool Hand Luke, LUke challenges the Captain by continuously running away for the chain gang. In my case I challenged authority by disobeying my mother in every way possible. In September of last year I decided I didn't want to live by the rules my mother forced upon me. I would never come home when she told me to, I never went to school when she told me to, and I pretty much ignored the fact that I had to obey her. My mother and I had " a failure to communicate". She wanted one thing and I wanted something else. Finally, my mother got sick of the stress that I brought her, so she sent me away to live with my brother. This is my punishment for disobeying her the way that I did. I have been living here for four months, and I think I have learned my lesson. Things are better now between me and my mother and she is letting me move back home after I graduate. In my case I lucked out, I am getting a second chance but in Luke's case he wasn't so lucky. He ran away again and got shot and killed by the Captain. I guess some times it isn't so great to challenge authority. ...

Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe

Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe The story of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe is full of conflict from beginning to end. The narrator of this story does not reveal why such a conflict exists other than to say someone has impugned his honor. Poe makes use of irony, symbolism among other linguistics means to tell a revenge story under Montresor’s, the murderer, view and ideas. Even knowing the narrator is not reliable and he probably is mad, the reader stands on his side from the beginning to the end of the conflict. This article will try to analyze the tools used by Poe to create this short story. The Style of Poe in â€Å"The cask of amontillado† Strengthening readers’ comprehension of his writing is also a key function of the imagery Poe uses. The variety of stylistic devices used by Poe to create the atmosphere of horror and terror includes the setting, one of the things the author uses to paint a dark and gloomy picture in the reader’s mind. For example: as de scribed by him in the beginning of the short story â€Å"It was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival seasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  or like in this paragraph: â€Å"At the most remote end of the crypt there appeared another less spacious. Its walls had been lined with human remains, piled to the vault overhead, in the fashion of the great catacombs of Paris. Three sides of this interior crypt were still ornamented in this manner. From the fourth side the bones had been thrown down, and lay promiscuously upon the earth, forming at one point a mound of some size. Within the wall thus exposed by the displacing of the bones, we perceived a still interior crypt or recess, in depth about four feet, in width three, in height six or seven. It seemed to have been constructed for no especial use within itself, but formed merely the interval between two of the colossal supports of the roof of the catacombs, and was backed by one of their circumscribing walls of so lid granite†. Imagery in Poe’s style of writing clearly involves readers in the story, and his use of complex vocabulary ensures that readers understand his themes and implications. The use of symbolism is what makes Poe’s short story even more interesting. Symbolism, according to the The Dictionary of Literary Terms, is an object, person, idea, etc. used in a literary work, film, etc., to stand for or suggest something else with which it is associated either explicitly or in some more subtle way. It may not be clear for some readers, but in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† the fight between two social class conflict and the aristocratic social codes is very well pictured. Montresor meets Fortunato â€Å"as if by chance† when it is clear that Montresor already of Fortunato’s attendance during the Carnival celebration at a banquet. When Montresor leads the intoxicated Fortunato into the blind wall in the subterranean passages of Montresorâ€℠¢s family grave and takes him prisoner, he already has mortar and trowel prepared for walling up his victim. Since Fortunato had given Montresor a Masonic sign and asked him if he were a Mason, a question which response was that Fortunato was nothing more than a real stone mason and the murderer laughingly showed the real trowel he had with him, it can also be a humorous imitation of the French Freemasonry, whose motto was â€Å"libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©.†

Impact of social media on marketing Dissertation

Impact of social media on marketing - Dissertation Example Despite these shifts, it is not known to what extent social media has impacted marketing as a function. There appears to be a gap between marketers’ claim and consumer expectations. Thus, with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of social media on marketing, three objectives were set for the study. After extensive literature review, qualitative primary data was gathered through questionnaire survey administered through the Internet. All three objectives of the study have been achieved. Social media has transformed the marketing process; it has transformed the way people interact and communicate. Social media has been able to leverage relationships, enhance communication and interactions between marketers and consumers. User-generated content has become a powerful source of information and has affected how marketers influence consumers. Customer engagement on the social media has made this function dynamic. This has brought a shift in consumer attitude and behavior as consumers rely on user-generated content to make their purchase decisions. Consumers think positively about companies that have their own web space and blog, and about those companies that are alert and responsive to consumer posts. Based on consumer perceptions, two main attributes that could enhance social media marketing have been identified. These include transparency in information thereby leading to trust, and making the advertisements more personal and carrying an emotional appeal. Marketers need to recognize that social media marketing cannot be a standalone strategy as consumers seek a seamless experience across all channels. The study concludes that social media has definitely changed the way marketers present their brand and communicate with consumers but the scope and potential of social media in the marketing function has yet to be exploited. Recommendations for further study on the subject have been made. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for Research 2 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 4 1.4 Scope of the Study 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 6 2.1 Chapter Overview 6 2.2 Definition and concept of social media 6 2.3 Social Media Platforms 7 2.3.1 Social networking sites 8 2.3.2 Blogs 8 2.3.3 Twitter - microblogging 9 2.3.4 Video Sharing 9 2.3.5 Photo Sharing 10 2.4 Social media and marketing 10 2.5 Impact of social media on marketing 15 2.6 Changes in purchase behavior 17 2.7 Consumer benefits through social media 18 2.8 Customer Expectations on social media 19 2.9 Chapter Summary 20 Chapter III Methodology 22 3.1 Chapter Overview 22 3.2 Research Philosophy 22 3.3 Research Approach 22 3.4 Data Collection Method 23 3.5 Data Analysis 24 3.6 Limitations of the Study 25 3.7 Ethical Considerations 25 3.8 Chapter Summary 26 Chapter IV Findings 27 4.1 Overview 27 4.2 Findings 27 4.3 Chapter Summary 32 Chapter V Discussions 33 5.1 Chapter Overview 33 5.2 Effects of social media on Marketing 33 5.3 C hanges in consumer behavior 35 5.4 Attributes that could enhance social media marketing 37 5.5 Chapter Summary 40 Chapter VI Conclusion and Recommendations 41 6.1 Conclusion 41 6.2 Recommendations for further research 43 References 45 Appendix A 48 Figures & Charts Figure 2.1 Social Media Triangle 7 Figure 2.2 Traditional Marketing 11 Figure 2.3 Social Media Marketing 12 Chart 2.1 Why consumers share their experiences? 19 Chart 4.1 User-Generated Content in Purchase Decision 28 Chart 4.2 Consumers’ Impression of Responsiveness 29 Chart 4.3 Consumer Awareness of Social Media 30 Chart 4.4 Consumer Suggestions Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background The function of marketing has evolved from being a one-way

Organizational Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Environment - Case Study Example The link between innovation and the competitiveness of a business depends on the ability of the business to adapt strategically to the market it is in. Adaptation to a particular market is a dynamic process and can only be achieved as a long-term project and must consider other factors that may be external in nature and may also be affected by previous decisions on strategic positioning in the market. The ability to innovate is one key factor that dictates whether a business will be able to survive in the market and its performance. Therefore, a business must be able to conceptualize an adaptation strategy by having the correct strategy, structure and internal alignment that will position it competitively in the market both through the internal and the external environment (Eunni, Post and Berger 2003). HKM can develop can develop a functional structure as its organizational structure as the company is set to grow into a larger company but is interested in the economies of scale thro ugh the production of large quantities of the products but at a lower cost. This can be achieved by having highly efficient and specific divisions with specialized tasks, in this case the production of designs. Being dependent on the environment or the market to dictate the sale of the designs, HKM must adopt the open system in order to know what is going on in the business market especially concerning the customers, the suppliers and the competitors. The fact that the market seems stable for HKM in that he is assured of constant market for the designs; he can adopt a mechanist management system in the organization structure. In this kind of arrangement, HKM will consider the specialized differentiation of the functional tasks facing the partnership and break them down. He will also have to distinguish the abstract nature of each task that may be pursued with techniques or purposes that are different from those of the business as well as reconcile each level in the hierarchy. This f orm of structure that applies to HKM must also determine the precise definition of the rights and obligations attached to each party and how they transit to responsibilities of a functional position (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Harold and his partners must therefore be aware of the environment they operate in so as to survive as well as to know its domain or field of action. Daft (2010) states that this will be dependent on the products, services and the markets that the business is intending to serve as compared to its business objectives. Assuming that the product and the market that are to be produced by Harold and his new partners are perfectively competitive, the price is one of the most important factors that are to be considered. The price should be set at the market level through the interaction of supply and demand in that all the organizational structures put in place must consider the demand and the supply of the targeted market. Further before increasing the quantities of the goods in the market, the firm must decide how much labor that will be required for the business that will ensure that there is maximization of the profits in line with the objectives of the business (Plantes and Finrock, 2009). Before increasing the quantities of production of the products, Harold must identify and evaluate the competition, their number, size, location, strengths and weaknesses and how the business can overcome the

The Rain Man Essay Example for Free

The Rain Man Essay Of course I dont have my underwear. Im definitely not wearing my underwear. These are not boxer shorts. Mine are boxer shorts. These are Hanes 32 My boxer shorts have my name and it says RaymondI get my boxer shorts at K-Mart in Cincinnati. (Rain Man, 1988) This quote from the popular movie Rain Man perfectly captures the disorder that plagues Raymond Bobbitt, one of the main characters. He is a very particular man who must always do everything on a schedule; any disruption in this schedule completely turns his world upside down. He shows very little emotion, unless something happens to upset him, in which case he completely melts down. His behavior is almost that of a young child. However, he also has a very unique gift. He has an absolutely astounding memory and can recall the smallest details from events that occurred when he was just a young child. At one point in the movie, a lady drops a box of toothpicks and Raymond is able to immediately determine how many of the toothpicks spilled out of the box. The behaviors of Raymond Bobbitt, while very interesting, are nowhere near normal and they prevent him from functioning in any kind of normal society. It is because of this that I have determined he has a mental disorder and could benefit greatly from treatment. In order to diagnose Raymond, it is important to look at all of the factors that may contribute to his behavior. The DSM-IV multiaxial system is a great way to break everything down and do this. It has 5 sections that take a deeper look in to all of the factors that contribute to the possible mental disorder of a patient and provides a standard for classifying mental disorders. Because of this, it is heavily relied on when making an accurate diagnosis and will be used to diagnose Raymond. AXIS I: Axis one of the DSM-IV system is reserved for the clinical symptoms of the disorder. Raymond showed many of the typical clinical symptoms of a person with autism. The first symptom that they generally display is developmental regression. Most sufferers of autism do not show any signs of developmental problems until around 15-30 months. Since Raymond was a young child and not an infant when he was sent away to live at the care home, it can be assumed that he did not start to show problems until he was a young toddler, which is consistent with the autism diagnosis. Another clinical symptom of autism is abnormal reactions for environmental stimuli. This is clearly seen by Raymond when we see him completely melt down when the fire alarm goes off. The loud noise, which is not something that would bother normal people, is too much for him to handle. Abnormal social interactions are another thing that Raymond displays that is also characterized by autism. He cannot hold a normal conversation and has big problems understanding the social intentions of his brother as he takes him on their trip. It is also clear when you listen to the way that Raymond talks that he might suffer from autism; he refers to himself as â€Å"Raymond† instead of â€Å"I† and he often rambles on to no one in particular about his schedule or whatever else he is thinking at the time. The final characteristic of autism that is seen in Raymond is the stress that he feels whenever his routine is broken. (Brasic, 2013) When his brother takes him away from the care home and changes everything, Raymond displays significant anxiety. He insists that they watch Jeopardy at 5:00 and is constantly talking about what he should be doing at any given time. He starts to melt down when he is not doing what he normally does and continues on until his brother finally lets him get his way. AXIS II: Under axis II, the personality disorders and intellectual disabilities are assessed. There are several of these that are associated with both Raymond and Autism, specifically and autistic Savant. The biggest personality disorder that is shown by Raymond and that is also exhibited by autistics is that he has extreme anxiety. (Mayo Clinic, 2013) It is clear by the way that he will not get on an airplane because there are no available airlines that have never experienced a plane crash. A normal person would not think that much in to getting on a plane, and they definitely would not know the statistics of every airline that there is. Even after they start driving, Raymond starts rambling off statistics about driving and car accidents, making it clear that he is not even comfortable riding in a car. You can also look back at some of the other examples that we have already looked at to show his elevated anxiety levels. When the fire alarm goes off, and he starts breaking down, he is reacti ng abnormally (the symptom from axis I); it is because of his extreme anxiety that he starts to display this behavior. The same goes for why he is constantly rambling and is so distressed about missing his shows, not having dinner at the right time and everything else that has changed in his schedule; he does all of this because he is suffering from constant anxiety due to his autism and his change in routine. Another thing to look at under axis II is his intellectual abilities. While he is not able to function as a normal person intellectually (another symptom of autism), he shows extraordinary abilities intellectually in other areas. He remembers specific events from his childhood starting at a very young age, and he remembers them with extreme accuracy and detail. He is also able to store things in his memory that no normal person would be able to, such as when he knew the one and only airline that had never had a plane crash (it was a very small and unknown airline at that) or w hen he knew all of the highway statistics concerning car accidents. It is also made clear that he is brilliant at math, counting and patterns when he is in Vegas and is counting the cards with ease. All of these amazing intellectual abilities that he shows are characteristics of a savant as well. (Hiles, 2002) AXIS III: Axis III is reserved for and physical problems that may be relevant in diagnosing or treating the mental disorder. For example, if a person is suffering from a mood disorder and they also have a disease which causes them pain or discomfort, then that might be something that contributed to their depression. (Edelson, 2013) Raymond does not display any of these however, so there would be no diagnosis for him under this axis. Axis IV: Axis IV is used to assess any environmental stressors that may affect the diagnosis or treatment or the mental disorder. This was a big factor in Raymond’s diagnosis and his display of symptoms. He was doing fairly well at the care home and, even though he was still displaying some symptoms of an autistic savant, he was able to live happily and relatively stress free. However, when his brother took him from his place of comfort, his symptoms got significantly worse. His anxiety levels went through the roof and it was clear that he was not handling the change well. He had lost his primary support group, which included all of the nurses at the hospital and he was left only with his brother who he had not seen since they were young children. This caused him anxiety because he was not familiar with him and his brother was not prepared to deal with all of the behaviors that Raymond displays. He was also showing elevated levels of anxiety due to his environment. When they left the care home, it was clear that Raymond did not want to go because he said it and started acting out. But his brother made him, and his actions just got worse from there. Every night Raymond would insist that they at least follow his schedule and he would start throwing a tantrum if they didn’t. Also, when they were in the casino, he could not handle all of the flashing li ghts and the ringing of the bells. This eventually led to another melt down. After being with his brother for almost their whole trip, it seemed like Raymond started to warm up to him a bit. Since his brother was the only constant during their trip, this again shows how much Raymond needs something consistent and some sort of routine, a need that is very common in autistic. (Bellini, 2013) AXIS V: Axis V is used for the Global Assessment of Funtioning (GAF). It is an evaluation of the patient’s ability to function in daily life and is based off of a 100 point scale (100 being the most functioning and 0 being the least). When looking at Raymond, I would assign him two separate GAF scores. When he is in an comfortable environment, such as when he is living in the care home, I would give him a GAF of 40 because he still displays symptoms and would not be able to keep a job and function in society, but he is not extreme. However, when taken out of his environment and put out in the world, I would give him a GAF of 20 because he starts to display extreme behavior and even becomes a threat to himself or others. (PsyWeb, 2013) There was a point when one of his melt downs became so bad that he started banging his head and hurting himself. He is in need of constant supervision when he is not in a comfortable familiar place. After taking a look at the symptoms that Raymond displayed (which include things like not making eye contact and constantly fidgeting, not seeming to hear when people talk to him and not being able to hold a conversation, and resting touch and changes in routine) and breaking them down with regard to the DSM-IV multiaxial system, I have determined that he suffers from Autism, and more specifically, he is an Autistic Savant. He would be classified as a Savant because he, while lacking in many areas, does have extraordinary skills in other areas. There was a time in the movie when his brother takes him to Vegas and tells him to count cards in blackjack and Raymond (having to prior training) is able to do it with ease. His symptoms under the DSM-IV model are extremely consistent with those of an autistic savant. He displays all of the clinical symptoms (axis I) that an autistic would display, including abnormal social behavior, the inability to hold a normal conversation and the constan t fidgeting. These behaviors are also consistent with the autistic and savant personality disorders and mental abilities (axis II), including the extreme anxiety and the extraordinary abilities in specific areas. There are not necessarily any physical problems (axis III) that contribute to being an autistic savant, and Raymond did not show any of these either. His environment (axis IV) however, did play a significant role his behavior and that is very common with autistics as well. (First Signs, 2012) After diagnosing Raymond as an autistic savant, the most important treatment that I would recommend for him would be to return to the care home and live the rest of his life there. When treating autism, there is no one set treatment because every person with autism is unique. (Autism Speaks, 2013) Since we were able to see how Raymond responded to living in the care home and sticking to a strict routine, we were able to see that it worked for him. This plan, and the routine that was tailored for him, worked to minimize his symptoms and reduce his behavioral problems. As far as him being a savant as well, there really is no treatment needed for that because it does not pose a problem in his life. It is a talent that he lives with and not something that needs to be fixed. If Raymond is returned to the care home and his familiar schedule, there is no reason that he cannot live out the rest of his life as happily and comfortably as possible. References Autism Speaks. (2013). How is Autism Treated? Retrieved from: http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment Bellini, Scott. (2013). The Development of Social Anxiety in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from: http://foa.sagepub.com/content/21/3/138.short Brasic, James. (2013). Autism Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912781-clinical Edelson, Steven. (2013). Research: Autistic Savants. Retrieved from: http://www.autism.com/index.php/understanding_savants First Signs. (2012). DSM-IV Criteria Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Retrieved from: http://www.firstsigns.org/screening/DSM4.htm Hiles, David. (2002). Savant Syndrome. Retrieved from: http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/drhiles/Savant%20Syndrome.htm Mayo Clinic. (2013). Autism. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/autism/DS00348/DSECTION=symptoms PsyWeb. (2013). Axis V- Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Retrieved from: http://www.psyweb.com/DSM_IV/jsp/Axis_V .jsp

The Falling Sky :: essays research papers

I gave this paper quit a bit of thought; I was sitting in a meeting on some air problems here at General Motors and started doing some investigation. Life on this planet Earth is the product of a delicate balancing act provided by nature. Mankind’s very existence is totally dependent on this fragile ecosystem’s ability to maintain itself. A valuable player in the balance of the environment, the ozone layer, is facing a very serious threat to man. Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) are chemicals agents commonly found in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and in the manufacturing of Styrofoam and industrial solvents. With the rate of more than a half-million tons CFCs being spewed into the atmosphere yearly, the rate of ozone depletion is rising at an alarming rate. If a global effort is not made to end the unnecessary use of CFCs, the inhabitants of this plant face an extremely difficult and frightening future. CFCs were invented in Dayton, Ohio; in 1928.They were the product of an intensive search by engineers with the G.M. Research Corporation to find a safe non-toxic, non-flammable refrigant. Frigidaire patented the formula CFCs in 1928 and the â€Å"new wonder gas† was called Freon. Seth Cargin and Phillip Dray, co-authors of Between Earth and Sky, informs us in their story of CFCs that â€Å"Freon soon topped the list of wonders, a ‘miracle’ refrigerant †¦[with the] combination of safety, cleanliness, and efficiency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (66) Not only was the apparently â€Å"safe† gas being used in refrigeration, but with the innovation of air-conditioning by Willis Carrier prior to World War I, Freon would one day be used to cool our homes, automobiles, and businesses. Other applications for CFCs soon followed. Out of the need to eliminate malaria-carrying mosquitoes during the First World War, Freon 12 was found to be an excellent propellant to distribute insecticide—thus the birth of the aerosol spray can. â€Å"From eight aerosol-related companies in the late forties, the industry grew to more than one hundred just a few years later† (Cagin and Dray 87). CFCs were soon making the lives of millions of Americans much more comfortable. They were also making the Kinetic Chemical Company, a joint corporation of General Motors and Dupont who manufactured and marketed Freon, extremely wealthy. But in August of 1985, the entire world was informed by a group of scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center that the sky was literally falling. A NASA satellite photo revealed that a portion of the ozone layer the size of the continental United States had disappeared from the atmosphere above Antarctica.

Coping with Death

Existentialists and intellectuals relatively have similar views about certain things. Existentialists are intellectuals while some intellectuals can be existentialists. However, there are instances when their philosophies can reveal differences which make them stand out and identify themselves. This paper aims to discuss how one is likely to cope with the issue of death in an existential and intellectual point of view. Coping with Death Death has been the most absolute event that is bound to happen to human beings even before they were born.It is one constant thing that will be waiting at the end no matter how well or bad we live our lives. Throughout life, there are inevitable instances when we are forced to cope with the death of someone, whether a stranger’s, relative’s, or plainly, the thought of ours. Since existential views root from the idea of existentialism and intellectual views from intellectualism, let us first identify the distinction between these two phil osophies. One of the most famous existentialists in history is the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.He defined existentialism as a philosophy which focuses on the existence of man alone and not on his essence or for any other purpose. He argued that man exists without meaning or definition. However, he stated that essence and meaning only manifest later in our lives. It is through our decisions that we come to begin the definition of our existence (Earnshaw, 2006, p. 74). Clearly, it is evident in his argument that religion is out of the picture. In the book Existentialism, Steven Earnshaw quoted Sartre’s (2006) claim:If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then he will be what he makes of himself (p. 74). Based on the definition by Sartre, it is now reasonable to say that existentialists view death as something that just happens without any meaning at all. If we are to cope with it existentially, it can be claimed that death is a fearful event because it does not provide a sensible reason.It does not label our meaning; rather, death ends it. On the other hand, there are also existential arguments with regard to death which claims that death is necessary to remind us of â€Å"possibilities. † Without death, one would not be obliged to be cautious in his/her decisions because that individual has all the time in the world to do them in â€Å"trial and error. † Now, we move on to intellectualism. This philosophy is actually quite self-explanatory in nature. An intellectual acts in accordance to reason.Similar to existentialism, intellectualism also disregards the involvement of religion, for religion is based on faith which is unfounded with solid evidences. Nonetheless, intellectuals can have different ways of coping with death. Since reason is more complex than the idea of â€Å"existence comes first† by Sartre, intellectuals can va ry in their opinion of death. As for me, if I am to cope with death intellectually, I can start off by going back to the theory of evolution.As rational and mortal animals, we are capable of deteriorating because of several conditions such as diseases, old age, natural disaster, etc. Hence, death is a cycle which is scientifically normal and inevitable. Most likely, if one is to view the concept of death either existentially or intellectually, he or she is still subject to fear its arrival. However, there is a loophole in both of the arguments because the root of our existence is still questionable. They can bring up the Big Bang or the Theory of Evolution, but as far as I am concerned, there is no solid evidence of the first inhabitants on earth.As long as theories have not been proved with concrete evidence, there is no way that we can reach the answers about life and death. In any case, existentialism and intellectualism do not provide the perfect way to cope with issues like dea th. What they can only provide is the flailing argument that we are considered materials which have the capability to break down and crash at any point in time. Would it not be better to accept death knowing that something unimaginable is waiting for us?

Environmental Determinism Related to Ancient Greece, Rome and Medieval Times Essay

Environmental determinism essentially means where you live has a direct correlation with how you live. Countries that need to focus on hunting and gathering cannot focus on other aspects of their society like military power, religion, technology and education. Geographic luck is another factor of environmental determinism. Geographic luck means that people have strong advantages to their lives because of where they currently live. Environmental determinism allowed countries to grow their military power and allowed them to enhance their weaponry, which was shown during the Peloponnesian War, the Punic Wars and the Viking Invasions. During the period of Ancient Greece, the Peloponnesian War showed military changes because of environmental determinism. After the Persian War, the Persian Empire was very weak (â€Å"Peloponnesian War. â€Å"). The Athenians saw this as a great opportunity to attack and take control of some very important land. Some of the land that they wanted to capture was called the Fertile Crescent and was very rich with many resources such as very rich soil which is opportune for growing crops, as well as large rivers of water for drinking (â€Å"Fertile Crescent. â€Å"). The Athenians were able to attack the Fertile Crescent because of environmental determinism. The land the Athenians were on allowed them to create a strong civilization early, which allowed them to grow their military power, which in turn also allowed them to defeat the Persians in the Persian War. Environmental determinism also allowed the Athenians focus on upgrading their navy to a high enough level that they could travel the long distance of attacking the weakened Persian Empire. Environmental determinism also factored into the primary reason the Peloponnesian War started. When the city states divided up between the Delian League and the Athenians, and the Peloponnesian League and the Spartans, in the agreement it stated that each side was to not get involved with the opposite sides affairs and the Athenians ignored that rule because of environmental determinism (â€Å"Peloponnesian War. â€Å"). Corcyra and Corinth were in a small war of their own and it was a Peloponnesian League matter, however, Corcyra had a large navy and Athens was afraid of Corinth taking this navy because they were a part of the Peloponnesian League, while Corcyra was still undecided on which side it was on. Environmental determinism factors into this because Corinth was powerful enough because of their developed civilization to make Athens worried, and Corcyra had a powerful enough navy that Athens was willing to start a war with the Peloponnesian League to start a war. At the beginning of the war, environmental determinism seriously affected the Athenians. Pericles, the most important general in Athens, decided at the beginning of the war to take a defensive strategy by keeping the army within the Athenian walls (â€Å"Peloponnesian War. â€Å"). He thought this would wear the Spartan army out to the point where they would retreat. The main problem with this strategy was that all of the Athenians crops were located outside of the Athenian wall. Athens still had a secret trade route which allowed them to eat, however they could not sell their crops and they had to keep buying crops so they were rapidly losing a large amount of money. The plan also backfired a second time, because the Athenians were hit with a plague which killed a third of their people in 3 years, including Pericles. Environmental determinism is shown because the crops had to grow there because the soil within the city was not rich enough and the Athenians could not grow crops outside the other side of the Athenian walls, because they were located right on the coast of the Aegean Sea (â€Å"Ancient Greece Map. â€Å"). Athens was hit by the plague before the Spartans because of environmental determinism as well. They are closer to where the plague started, which was in Ethiopia, where it then moved through Rome and the Persian Empire. In the next phase of the war, environmental determinism influenced the decisions of Athens and Sparta. One of the new leaders of the Athenian war party, Cleon wanted to be much more physical than Pericles was, and he saw his opportunity in Italy (â€Å"Peloponnesian War. â€Å"). The city state of Syracuse in Sicily was allied with Sparta and when they attacked a tribe called the Leontini, Cleon chose to help fight back. He chose to fight against Syracuse for the reason that he wanted to weaken the Spartans because their grain supply came from Syracuse. The Spartans used Cleon’s over-aggressiveness against him, by setting up a Spartan colony named Heraclea right near Athens. This forced Athens to make a decision of sending its troops to Syracuse and getting attacked in Athens, or not attacking Syracuse altogether. This goes back to environmental determinism again, because generals such as Brasidas of Sparta was able to come up with this plan, because the Spartans had a growing and strong enough colony that they did not need to focus on hunting and gathering and could focus on military matters. Focusing on military matters helped the Spartans again when the Athenians attacked the city state Boetia. This was important for the Athenians, because Boetia was a short distance away from them and did not want to get attacked, as well as they needed morale boost because they were losing the war, however the Spartans outsmarted them. When the Athenians were attacking and the fight seemed to be over, Boetia brought out their two hidden lines of cavalrymen and encircled the Athenians, and then routed them. In the final stage of the war, the Athenians were finally finished off because of environmental determinism. The Athenians sent 130 ships in one final effort to attack in Sicily (â€Å"Peloponnesian War. ). Because of environmental determinism however, the Syracusians were able to upgrade their navy with a new piece of equipment, which rammed the ships and damaged them on water, which made them not mobile and sink. In this battle the Athenians lost twenty thousand people, and that was enough for the Persians to get involved in the war and ally with Sparta. Environmental determinism takes a big part in this move, because the Persian army was now attacking from the east, while the Spartans were attacking from the west and the Athenians were conquered. Because of where Athens was situated, they could not even flee from the incoming attacks, because they were surrounded by the Persians coming over the water, and the Spartans coming by land. In conclusion, the Spartans were successful in defeating the Athenians by outsmarting them with new tactics that were studied and by defeating them with a stronger army, which they were able to create because of environmental determinism. Environmental determinism influenced other parts of history too, as shown in Punic Wars in the period of Ancient Rome. During the three Punic Wars fought by Rome and Carthage, Rome was successful because of military power and strategies they could develop because of environmental determinism. Before the Punic Wars started, Carthage extremely wealthy and was the most technologically advanced city in the region, as well as having the strongest naval power (â€Å"Punic Wars. â€Å"). Rome was very powerful as well with the biggest land army in the region. These two countries were allowed to become this advanced and this powerful because of environmental determinism. Both cities were so well developed and had such a strong way of life that they could focus on expanding their empires instead of worrying about if they were going to survive. In 264, there was a dispute in Sicily and both Rome and Carthage got involved and that was the beginning of the Punic Wars. Because of Carthage’s large navy, they were able to win many battles on water, however the Roman fleet were able to break their naval superiority, with allowed them to take Sicily as their own, making it their first overseas province. Carthage and Rome went to war over Sicily because of the land. The Sicilian land was very rich with its soil and natural resources, as well as having many wealthy cities and many major ports for trading. It was also located right between the capitals of Carthage and Rome. Rome and Carthage also wanted to go to war because of where they were located. Both cities were located on either side of the Mediterranean (â€Å"Ancient Rome Map. â€Å"). By defeating the other power there, Carthage or Rome could become the main power in the Mediterranean which would allow them to trade and make themselves even more powerful. So, because of environmental determinism and greed, the Punic Wars had begun. In the second Punic War, environmental determinism would urge Carthage to attack the Roman Empire once again. In 237 B. C, Carthage established a new base of influence in Spain under the powerful general Hamilicar Barca (â€Å"Punic Wars. â€Å"). After his death, his son Hannibal took command of the forces in Spain, and in 221 B. C, Hannibal took these forces and marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum. This was an important gesture, because Saguntum was under Roman protection which showed that Hannibal wanted to continue war against the Roman Empire. Carthage, using its ninety thousand infantry, killed as many as fifty thousand Roman soldiers, destroyed the Italian countryside and recaptured Sicily, but since the Romans have such a large infantry, this was not a large enough causality to faze them as they fought back. Rome pushed back and took all of Italy, as well as Carthage’s ties in Spain and North Africa. Environmental determinism played a role in many factors in this part of the Punic Wars. Firstly, the Roman Empire was able to bounce back so easily after losing fifty thousand troops because their population was so large and was still growing. This has to do with the fact that the land the Romans were on was very rich in resources and could maintain a large amount of people living there. Secondly, Carthage used a maneuver where they destroyed the Italian countryside. This was a smart move by the Carthaginians, because it stopped the Romans from getting some of their food supplies, as well as them losing a large sum of money, and the Carthaginians were able to do this maneuver before the Romans could stop them because they are located closer to the countryside than Rome is. In the third and final of the Punic Wars, the Romans used environmental determinism against Carthage to capture the Carthaginian power, money and land. Before the war started, Rome and Carthage had signed an agreement that they could not attack Rome or anyone else without consulting Rome, or else war would start again (â€Å"Punic Wars. â€Å"). This treaty was broken by Carthage, when they chose to attack Numidia, who was allied with Rome. Carthage was fending off the Roman army until the young general of Rome Scipio the Younger used environmental determinism to defeat Carthage. Rome launched a forceful attack on the harbour side of Carthage, and pushed the enemy troops towards their citadel. Carthage then surrendered after seven days and the Romans succeeded in destroying Carthage. This was important, because Rome destroyed a city that no one could defeat for 700 years, and the Romans were not done there as they later moved east and gained Macedonia. Environmental determinism allowed Rome to attack from both sides of Carthage and surround them, because Carthage was located right next to the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire succeeded in becoming the main power in the Mediterranean because of military techniques, a strong army, and advantages of positioning because of environmental determinism. During Viking Invasions in the Medieval Times, the Vikings and Europe would experience cases in which environmental determinism aided them as well. During the Viking Invasions, the Vikings disrupted and benefitted many European countries because of environmental determinism. The Vikings began their raids in 789 A. D when Norwegian ships attacked Portland, located in the British Iles (â€Å"Medieval Maritime Culture. ). The Vikings then continued to raid Europe including Spain, France, Constantinople and England and find parts of Russia, Greenland, Norway and Canada. This is important because it shows how powerful and influential the Vikings were in Medieval Times, by finding new land and establishing it as a major trade centre, and converting whole countries to different religions as shown when they converted Greenland and Iceland to Christianity in 1000. Environmental determinism is shown in why the Vikings began to raid. The Vikings began to raid partially because of the terrible weather conditions that they were subject to in Scandinavia, as well as a lack of agriculture which led many Vikings to sail south in search of land. Because Scandinavia was farther away from the equator, this made the weather colder, which also allowed for fewer crops to grow. This was the main premise on which the Vikings began to head south. Environmental determinism also allowed the Vikings to have a large army which allowed them to attack many places with a high degree of effectiveness. The Vikings were able to sail in fleets of many hundreds of ships filled with 100 people each, because of environmental determinism. The Vikings developed themselves into a powerful people in Scandinavia which allowed them to focus on strengthening their people instead of keeping their population or army at the same level. This is much like what happened in the Peloponnesian Wars and the Punic Wars. The Vikings were also able to attack strong countries so well because of their advanced technology. The Vikings developed a ship called a â€Å"longship†, which was very fast and very agile (â€Å"Viking Timeline. â€Å"). They used these boats to travel quickly, allowing them to attack more people at a faster rate and gain more land. This along with their strong navigation system called â€Å"celestial navigation†. This was important because it allowed them to find land and capture it efficiently. The Vikings were able to invent these powerful and innovative ships and means of travel because of environmental determinism. The Vikings were a very civilized culture that were very strategic and very smart because of their way of life. Their way of life was so enhanced because of environmental determinism. The Vikings could not grow as many crops as countries that were closer to the equator, so they had to adjust to their surroundings accordingly (â€Å"Viking Timeline. â€Å"). For example, the Vikings of York were very close to a river, so they consumed a large quantity of freshwater fish. Around the year 1000, the Vikings used their innovative ways to develop a square rigged sailboat that they called the â€Å"knaar†. The knaar was used as a merchant ship that the Vikings used to form and trade with their colonies in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. This was important because this allowed them to solve one of the problems that is caused by environmental determinism. The colonies the Vikings had were so far apart that it would take long periods of time to trade between them, or they would not trade at all, so the Vikings made the knaar to help solve this problem. This showed once again that the Vikings were ground-breaking with new technology during the Medieval Times. This technology along with their large military power allowed them to attack larger armies and successfully defeat them. The Vikings used environmental determinism as a reason to claim new land as their own by attacking and using their large armies, innovative weaponry, and navigation. They also solved their problem that environmental determinism caused by making their colonies too far away by adapting and creating new technology. In conclusion, in all three cases the main factors of the reasoning or victories of the winning sides were because of environmental determinism. Whether it was the Spartans defeating the Athenians because of new militaristic techniques combined with their strong army, Rome using Carthage’s positioning against them to conquer the Mediterranean, or the Vikings successfully defeating armies much bigger than theirs in Europe using new technology; environmental determinism was the main factor in success.

Essay on Reflective Summary

Essay on Reflective Summary Essay on Reflective Summary Essay on Reflective SummaryIdentity theft can happen if someone steals your personal information and uses it to get bank loans, making purchases or opening new accounts for credit cards. So, taking into account the fact that ID theft is a serious concern due to the proliferation of technology, it is necessary to discuss the problem from various perspectives.To begin, it is necessary to mention that according to Hayward (2004), identity theft is a fraud that is seen in getting personal or financial data of users to use a person’s name or identification for financial transactions or purchases. Perpetrators receive unauthorized access to corporate databases to steal a list of customers and their data for the purpose to steal private information. Sovern (2004) stated that using the necessary information, scammers have the ability to destroy a person’s credit rating or get access to other personal data. In the U.S., identity theft is associated with widespread SSN (Social Se curity Number) as identification. In order to obtain proof of identity, a large number of organizations are requesting SSN. In the UK, for the implementation of identity theft, perpetrators use NINO (National Insurance number) and NHS (National Health Service Number). In such a way, if the perpetrator finds personal information, such as name, address, date of birth, social security number (SSN), driver’s license and the mother’s maiden name, he will be able to impersonate any personality. As a result, according to Schreft (2007), a thief of identity will be able to dispose a person’s bank accounts, to open new bank accounts, to transfer money from accounts, to apply for granting loans and credit cards, as well as to buy expensive things.There exists the Identity Theft Resource Center, where people can ask for help because the center is a non-profit organization that was created to provide all the consumers with free suggestions about what people can do in a case of identity theft. The main goals of the center are to help people to cope with their problems in the area of identity theft as well as to educate and inform consumers about the ways how they can avoid many problems with their bank accounts. One of the services that is offered for victims by the Identity Theft Resource Center is a support of the person by a well-qualified specialist of a call center. This service helps people to ask for advice timely and to react on the identity theft in a proper and adequate way.In conclusion, we have explored identity theft from various perspectives, and it is necessary to add that the fact of identity theft will continue to be a serious problem in future. Nowadays the development of computer technologies forces people to actively use their personal data in daily life, so, perpetrators are also creating new methods to steal a person’s identity.

Markering launch for an international business (Nike) Assignment

Markering launch for an international business (Nike) - Assignment Example International business has, hence, become a modern jargon in the current epoch. It is the process of conducting business all over the world. Such business transactions include trading of services, goods, technology, capital and managerial knowledge between different economies (Brenner, 2013). The import and export related activities of a nation constitute its foreign trading affairs. International business expands the scope and scale of commercial activities in an economy. From the above figure, it can be stated that international trade or business has noticeably increased over time. The growth had slightly fallen during the global financial crisis of 2008. As a result, the volume of international trade has greatly influenced the external business environmental factors. Companies engaging in international business across diversified economies conduct commercial on large scales. The production and marketing strategies of these firms are globally established (Brenner, 2013). A multinational company helps to integrate the global economic system. In an international business process, the firm procures labour, finance and infrastructural services from different countries (Brenner, 2013). The process of foreign trade in dominated by companies belonging to developed rich countries. These countries possess productive resource reserves and high technological knowhow. These multinational organizations offer high prices to all the factor service owners, thereby leading the business realm in each country (Brenner, 2013). International business conducted by companies helps to enhance the employment opportunities wherein they operate (Brenner, 2013). Moreover, by providing diversified goods and services in the market, the process helps to improve living standards of the individuals therein. International business contributes towards augmenting the level of trading competition between participating countries.

Compare and contrast Burkes narrative of the scientific revolution Essay

Compare and contrast Burkes narrative of the scientific revolution with Merchant's - Essay Example gency of scientific revolution was a means of upward progression by humans that could witness them gain power in order to control, rule, and manage the earth while searching the lost Garden of Eden. In both narratives, scientific revolution brings scientific inventions, technological advancements, as well as capitalism. These scientific tools would enable humans reinvent the lost garden, subdue or rather dominate nature, and deliver people from the wilderness or desert to the safe place perceived as the garden (112). In this case, both narratives are similar in the manner they contemplate recovery of the lost garden in the modern world, the way humans use their power in a series of historical events regarding scientific revolution in view of improving their environment with the help of science and technology. In conclusion, both scientific revolution narratives of Burke and Merchant have contrasting aspects regarding science and its evolution. Burke argues a computer scientist can control computerized technology as well as computerized communication. Furthermore, availability of computers can revolutionize the world through internet where people can exchange ideas regardless of their locations. Merchant on the other side writes people are idealizing nature with a point of making profit out of it. The appeal of finding the lost garden is no more (169). Therefore, people are capitalizing on their interests such as intrepid economic based adventures that are popular with tourists and expanded civilization of people and nature exploitation is rapidly diminishing the wilderness making environmental issues become centre of

Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Essay

Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Psyche - Essay Example Violent content is 9 percent above average in children's programming, and cartoons are the most violent (Center for Communication and Social Policy, 1998). We are all aware that our daily lives are studded with different types of violence. Social psychologists have asserted that much of our behavior is learned by watching others. And what do children see on TV They are exposed to more violence. This further validates what the children have seen in the neighborhood, it makes violence such normal fare -- everyone's doing it, not just in their neighborhood, but all over world. More than the adults, it is the children that have greater propensity to imitate the things they have watched on television. For them, TV represents violence as an appropriate way to solve interpersonal problems, to get what you want out of life, avenge slight injuries and insults and make up for perceived injustices. How extreme is the problem of violence in television Does it really transmit aggressive behavior to children Does it affect their psychological health This paper will try to tackle the link of TV violence and aggression to young viewers and try to analyze what are the possible solutions that can be done to thwart the incremental effects of violence in television. Two large scale studies--the University of P... They counted the number of violent acts using the definition, "the overt expression of physical force, with or without weapon, against self or other, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing" (Gerbner et al. 1978, p. 179). Furthermore, they required that the violence be plausible and credible, which rules out idle threats, verbal abuse, or comic gestures with no credible violent consequences. The violence may be intentional or accidental. In addition, violent accidents, catastrophes, and acts of nature are included. Signorielli (1990) clarified: Any act that fits the definition, regardless of conventional notions about types of violence that may have "serious" effects, is coded. This includes violence that occurs in realistic, serious, fantasy, or humorous contexts. "Accidental" violence and "acts of nature" are recorded because they are always purposeful in fiction, claim victims, and demonstrate power (p. 89). On the other hand, the NTVS (1996) analyzed more than 10,000 hours of television programming across 23 channels over 3 years using the definition of violence as: An overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animate being or group of beings. Violence also includes certain depictions of physically harmful consequences against an animate being or group that occur as a result of unseen violent means (p. 1-48). Their interpretation of violence in media messages is based more on harm to viewers than on harm to media characters. It is known that a very small percentage of violent

Coursework on Land Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Land Law - Coursework Example The required duration is usually three years and where there are children; the duration may be two years. There is a presumption of marriage between Angelina and Brad because they moved in the year 2005 and the present year is 2012. Cohabitors are not afforded the same legal status a civil marriage attracts (Jackson, 2012)1. In a civil marriage, the courts have power to divide the assets of the couple in affair way. The division of the assets should meet the needs of the separated parties and their children. In the UK, there is no recognition of claims made by a ‘common law’ wife or husband (claims arising solely as a result of the relationship). The courts cannot adjust ownership of assets belonging to separating spouses. They can only interpret intentions. The power to interpret is limited to certain classes of assets, mostly, property occupied by the couple during cohabitation. Courts cannot make orders relating to pensions of the parties. The power to interpret is al so limited to certain circumstances. Secondly, they decided to move in together and have a fresh start in a new home, Aniston Villa. To acquire the desired home, Angelina contributes her private savings, ?40,000 as a deposit and the remaining purchase price, ?250,000 is provided with a mortgage from Celeb Bank. Angelina does not want the Aniston Villa to become a subject in her divorce proceedings. The property is registered in the sole name of Brad. Angelina lacks legal co-ownership in the family home. Brad decided last month that he does not want to continue the relationship. He is willing to refund Angelina the ?40,000 deposit she contributed to for acquisition of the land. Brad does not want to allow Angelina any share in the property. Generally, matrimonial home is not disputed unless the spouses are separating. The statement is true to the case of Angelina and Brad. Determination of the rights of Angelina and Brad in Anston Villa is now very important. Courts have a corrective power in determining disputes in cases of separation2. However this power cannot be exercised in favor of cohabitants. Cohabiters without a legal co-ownership in the family home, like Angelina, have to ascertain an equitable interest. A cohabiter can now claim for compensation for any economic contributions made during cohabitation. The cohabiter must prove they have incurred economic disadvantage. This covers scenarios where one party has financially contributed to acquisition of property even if the property is registered in the name of one party. The law operates to create an imputed trust of land (Thomas M., 2012-2013)3. Imputed trusts consist of resulting and constructive trusts. Where A provides consideration but the title to property vests in the sole name of B, the property is held by B on resulting trust for A to the extent of A’s contribution. The resulting trust can be rebutted by prove of contrary intention that A did not intend the property to be held on trust b y B. In determining existence of a resulting trust, courts will look into the intention of the parties. An equitable interest can be established by prove of financial contribution. Financial contribution is vital in determining beneficial ownership of the family home. Constructive trusts arise by

Enzyme Immunoassay Principle

Enzyme Immunoassay Principle ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS (EIA) Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) INTRODUCTION Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) is a powerful technique used for detecting and quantifying antigens and antibodies in clinical samples. It is widely used in clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. The aim of this essay is to summarise the principle of this technique and to outline the main types of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and its application in clinical laboratories. Subsequently, it will discuss the application of this system in the haematology field. PRINCIPLES The general principle of this technique is based on the binding of conjugated enzyme molecule with specific antibodies to detect and quantify the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test sample. This is followed by adding appropriate colourless substrate which catalyses the interaction complex to produce a visible coloured product. There are many chromogenic substrates used in ELISA technique but the most common are alkaline phosphatase (AP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The end product can be determined by using spectrophotometer and the intensity of colour is directly proportional to the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test samples. TYPES There are several types of ELISA which include: indirect, sandwich, competitive, chemiluminescence and elispot assay. Indirect ELISA can be used to detect the antibodies that are present in patients serum. With this method, patients serum containing antibodies is added to the microtitre wells which are coated with the antigen and the intensity of the end colour product is directly proportional to the amount of antibodies that are present in the patients sample. (KUBY) Figure1. Illustrate the different types of ELISA to detect either antigen or antibody. The second type of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay is called sandwich ELISA, in which the target antigen that is to be detected must be located between two antibodies. The antigen of interest that is present in the clinical sample is added to a microtitre wells which is coated with the antibody and the end product is determined by spectrophotometer to measure the amount of antigen in the clinical sample.(DIAGNOSTIC MICRO. BOOK) Figure1. The development of biotechnology has become widespread and one example of its progress is the modification of ELISA by using chemiluminescence substrate rather than chromogenic substrate to increase the sensitivity of the reaction. With this method, chemilumescence (CL) substrate and some enhancing agents, which have the ability to bind an antibody or antigen in the reaction, are used to create light emissions which can be measured by specific spectrometry. This approach has been used to diagnose several types of tumour disease, and quantify numerous compounds at low concentration (Baeyens et al. 1998). Another example of ELISA modification is enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. It is a quantitative technique often used to detect cytokines that are secreted from single cell in response to the antigen. During the incubation period, the cytokines of interest is released and captured by immobilised anti-cytokines on the microtitre plate. After washing them and adding labelled anti-cytokines antibody and substrate, the end colour product displays as a footprint around each of the secreting cells, which can be estimated. This technique has great potential for monitoring immune responses (Cox, Ferrari and Janetzki 2006). In addition, sensitive ELISPOT assay has the ability to detect low level of secreted IFN-? compared with other IFN-? assays (Lion et al. 2009). APPLICATION There are many applications of enzyme immunoassays in clinical laboratories and the largest application is related to the detections of viruses. For example, the screening and diagnosis of hepatitis virus is routinely used in the lab. These include the detection of HBsAg and HBeAg by direct ELISA, anti-HBc antibody and anti-HBe antibody by competitive ELISA and anti-HBs antibody by indirect ELISA (Tsitsilonis et al. 2004).What is more, ELISA can detect HCV antibodies in serum samples as screening tests and the positive samples are conformed by molecular HCV RNA (Erensoy 2001). The beneficial effect of using an enzyme immunoassay in clinical hematology is that it has the ability to identify alloantibodies in patients who frequently receive platelet transfusions for therapeutic purposes. It has been demonstrated that ELISA is more sensitive to the detection of alloantibodies than other immunoassays, such as lymphocytotoxic test (LCT) and the platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT), and it is performed in a short period of time (Levin et al. 2003). Furthermore, enzyme immunoassays are able to detect anti-platelet antibodies, platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) , HLA and circulating antibodies in patients with Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (Schiffer and Young 1983). There are several pieces of evidence which suggest that a ubiquitous herpes virus, in particular Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is implicated in many types of lymphoma such as Hodgkins disease and Burkitts lymphoma, so the early detection of EBV antigen specific T cells is essential and therefore ELISPOT assay can be used to analyse T cell responses (Yang et al. 2000). Another of its feature is related to acquired von Willebrand syndrome, which is caused by autoantibodies against von Willebrand factor (vWF). This plays an essential role in hemostasis and is characterised by prolonged bleeding due to the defect in vWF activity. Detection of anti-vWF antibody can be performed by ELISA (Mohri 2003), and (Stewart et al. 1997) mention that competitive ELISA is a useful technique in the detection of anti-vWFA antibodies in a clinical samples. Despite the benefits of ELISA in the detection of HLA class I specific antibodies, it is less sensitive than flow cytometry, so before platelet transplantation, flow cytometry must be used (Worthington et al. 2001). Although chemiluminescence immunoassay has great sensitivity in detecting HBsAg in blood donor samples, it has less sensitivity than the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)(Sato et al. 2001), so to increase the safety of blood from HIV-1 , HCV, and HBV, the nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) has been applied for the screening of blood donor samples (Weber, MÃ ¼hlbacher and Melchior 2005). CONCLUSION Enzyme Immunoassay is one of the most significant techniques to have been used in clinical laboratories to analyse the antigen-antibody reaction in a short period of time. It is sensitive to screening a large number of clinical samples and therefore has been applied in many clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. REFRENCES BAEYENS, W. R. G., et al. (1998). Chemiluminescence-based detection: Principles and analytical applications in flowing streams and in immunoassays. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 17 (6-7), 941-953. COX, Josephine H., FERRARI, Guido and JANETZKI, Sylvia (2006). Measurement of cytokine release at the single cell level using the ELISPOT assay. Methods, 38 (4), 274-282. ERENSOY, Selda (2001). Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and laboratory monitoring of its therapy. Journal of clinical virology, 21 (3), 271-281. LEVIN, M. D., et al. (2003). Screening for alloantibodies in the serum of patients receiving platelet transfusions: A comparison of the ELISA, lymphocytotoxicity, and the indirect immunofluorescence method. Transfusion, 43 (1), 72-77. LION, E., et al. (2009). Quantification of IFN-? produced by human purified NK cells following tumor cell stimulation: Comparison of three IFN-? assays. Journal of immunological methods, 350 (1-2), 89-96. MOHRI, H. (2003). Acquired von willebrand syndrome: Its pathophysiology, laboratory features and management. [online]. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 15 (3), 141-149. SATO, S., et al. (2001). Comparison of the sensitivity of NAT using pooled donor samples for HBV and that of a serologic HBsAg assay. Transfusion, 41 (9), 1107-1113. SCHIFFER, CA and YOUNG, V. (1983). Detection of platelet antibodies using a micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [online]. Blood, 61 (2), 311. STEWART, M. W., et al. (1997). vWf inhibitor detection by competitive ELISA. Journal of immunological methods, 200 (1-2), 113-119. TSITSILONIS, Ourania E., et al. (2004). Serological detection of hepatitis B viral infection by a panel of solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 34 (4), 811-822. WEBER, Bernard, MÃÅ"HLBACHER, Annelies and MELCHIOR, Walter (2005). Detection of an acute asymptomatic HBsAg negative hepatitis B virus infection in a blood donor by HBV DNA testing. Journal of clinical virology, 32 (1), 67-70. WORTHINGTON, J. E., et al. (2001). A comparison of enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays and flow cytometry techniques for the detection of HLA specific antibodies. Human immunology, 62 (10), 1178-1184. YANG, J., et al. (2000). Application of the ELISPOT assay to the characterization of CD8(+) responses to epstein-barr virus antigens. Blood, 95 (1), 241-248.